Industry and Transportation

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Industry and Transportation
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• The Early Years of Transportation
• The original 13 states were on the coast,
  transportation revolved around harbors and
  rivers.
• At the start of the 19th century, overland
  transportation consisted of carts, wagons,
  sleighs, and stagecoaches pulled by horses or
  oxen.

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• Improving the Roads
• National Road only decent route in the U.S. and
  it was made out of crushed rock. (Maryland to
  Ohio River)
• Turnpikes roads where users had to pay a
  toll, this was used to try and improve the roads.

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• The Steamboat
• 1st Major advance in transportation, it burned
  wood and coal to power rotating paddles.
• A steamboat could cross the Atlantic in 10 to 14
  days, instead of 25 to 50 days by a sailing ship.

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• 2nd transportation advance was the construction
  of canals
• Erie Canal best known of the canals, completed
  in 1825, it ran for 363 miles across New York
  State from Lake Erie to the Hudson River. It cut
  cost down dramatically. (100.00 to 4.00)

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• The railroad provided the most dramatic
  advancement in transportation.
• Horses pulled the 1st trains in the U.S., but
  steam-powered engines soon replaced the animals.
  
• Trains could pull heavier freight or passengers
  at higher speeds than horses could manage.

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Industrial Revolution Developments in technology
transformed also manufacturing.
Not only did it change our nations economy, but
also its culture, social life, and politics.
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• Slater Mill
• Samuel Slater opened the 1st textile mill in
  Pawtucket, Rhode Island. The mill used the
  Blackstone River to power its machinery. He
  stole the idea from the English.
• Factory work changed lives through speed and
  volume

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• Inventions
• Interchangeable Parts this improved efficiency
  in factories. Eli Whitney came up with the idea
  for identical components.
• Samuel Morse - invented the electrical telegraph.
  Messages could be delivered almost immediately.
• John Deere invented the steel plow and Cyrus
  McCormick invented the mechanical reaper.

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Sectional Differences
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North Embraces Industry

• Jefferson had wanted to keep the U.S. as a nation
  of farmers. However, between 1815-1860 the North
  became industrialized.
• Reason for spread of industrialization
  1. the embargo
  of 1807
  2. the war of 1812
  
  3. This led to Americans building
  factories in the Northeast.
• When these two events were over the goods started
  to flow in from Britain again. Congress passed
  the Tariff of 1816 to protect the American
  factories.

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• Why the Northeast?
• Capital the money needed to build factories
• Labor was cheaper
• Swift flowing rivers that provided power to the
  factories

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• Social Changes in the North
• These factories reduced the number of needed
  skilled workers (artisans), such as blacksmiths,
  shoemakers, and tailors.
• Workers Organize labor unions were created with
  the hope of improving pay and working conditions.
• Middle Class Emerges men were hired to manage
  businesses as bankers, lawyers, accountants,
  clerks, auctioneers, brokers, and retailers. Men
  went to work while women stayed home.
• Emigration from Ireland and Germany Ireland
  had a potato famine which led to mass starvation.
  Germans left during the same period when a
  political revolution failed.
• Nativists wanted laws to discourage immigration

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Southern Agricultural

• Cotton production surges
• The cotton gin invented by Eli Whitney
• Western expansion
• Industrialization

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• Slavery Grows with the Cotton Boom
• Growing cotton requires land and labor. Because
  cotton was so profitable, the demand for slaves
  soared.
• Economic Consequences Many plantation owners
  became rich, but the production limited regional
  development. The South became to dependent on
  cotton.

• Planters opposed education for slaves and did not
  want to provide it for poor whites.
• Three-fourths of slave owners owned less than ten
  slaves.

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Nationalism
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Nationalism sweeps the country
Henry Clay was Speaker of the House and a
leading advocate of this new economic
nationalism. He called this federal program the
American System. He wanted the government to
build new roads and canals. He also favored a
National Bank, in 1816, Congress established the
second Bank of the United States.
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John Marshall and the Supreme Court
Served as Chief Justice from 1801 to 1835 and
during this time the court favored a strong
federal government and national economy.
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Major Court Cases under Marshall

• Marbury v. Madison (1803) Judicial review
• Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) and Fletcher
  v. Peck (1810) limited a state governments power
  to interfere in business contracts.
• McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) federal law was
  superior to state law. Dealt with the Second Bank
  of the United States.
• Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) ruled that steamboat
  traffic was commerce and that the federal
  government controlled interstate commerce.

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Monroe Doctrine
In 1823, Monroe issued a written doctrine
declaring that Europeans Monarchies had no
business meddling with American republics. In
return, the United States promised to stay out of
European affairs.
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Nationalism Influences Foreign Affairs
John Quincy Adams Secretary of State under
James Monroe.They wanted to reduce national
tensions by promoting national expansion. Adams-On
is Treaty ended Spanish claims in the Northwest
Territory, After this Treaty, Americans began to
settle Florida and purse the fur trade in Oregon.
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Missouri Compromise
Missouri wanted to be admitted to the Union as a
slave state. The North was concerned because this
would give the South more regional power in the
Senate. Henry Clay proposed the Missouri
Compromise, Missouri would enter in as a slave
state and Maine would enter in as a free state.
They also drew a line along the continent.
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Age of Jackson
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Election of 1824 Monroe was retiring after two
terms and it became a four way race for the
presidency. All four were Democratic Republicans.
Henry Clay
John Quincy Adams
William Crawford
Andrew Jackson
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For the second time in U.S. history the House of
Representatives had to pick the president.
Jackson had more popular votes but neither had
won a majority of the electoral vote. Clay
through his support behind Adams and the House
chose Adams.

• Jackson criticized Adams presidency and began
  campaigning for the 1828 election. Jackson did
  well in the south and west but not in the
  northeast. New Yorks Martin Van Buren began
  working behind the scenes to get support for
  Jackson.
• This also led to about three-fourths of the
  states to re-write their constitutions. Caucuses
  were replaced by public conventions.

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Jacksonian Democracy

• Jackson believed in majority rule and the dignity
  of the common people. He came from humble
  beginnings, which was in contrast to the past
  presidents.
• Election of 1828 Jackson supporters called
  themselves Democrats instead of Democratic
  Republicans. He won the election with 56 of the
  popular vote and three-fourths of the electoral
  vote.
• The new party rewarded the faithful with
  government jobs. Critics denounced the use of
  political jobs as a reward for party loyalty.
  They called this the spoils system.

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• Jackson was very popular in the south (80). The
  South wanted 60,000 American Indians removed from
  the region. The Native Americans turned to the
  Supreme Court (John Marshall) for help and they
  found in favor of the Native Americans. This
  angered Jackson and he even called out Marshall
  about the decision.

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Indian Removal Act of 1830 sought to peaceable
negotiate the exchange of American Indian lands
in the South for new lands in the Indian
Territory (modern-day Oklahoma).
Trail of Tears In 1838, U.S. soldiers forced
16,000 Cherokees to walk from their lands in the
Southeast to Oklahoma. 4,000 Cherokees died of
disease, exposure, and hunger.
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Constitutional Disputes and Crises

• The North favored tariffs, but the South did not
  support them.
• Tariff of Abominations designed by members of
  Congress not only to promote American industry
  but to embarrass President Adams and ensure a
  Jackson victory.
• John C. Calhoun was Jacksons
  Vice President and
  opposed the tariff. He
  supported nullification, which
  meant that states
  could nullify, or void, any federal law
  deemed unconstitutional.

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South Carolina nullified the tariff and the
collection of tariff duties. They threatened to
secede from the union and Calhoun resigned as
Vice President.
Daniel Webster became the great champion of
nationalism. Secession had been postpones rather
than resolved.
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The Bank War

• Andrew Jackson did not support the Second Bank of
  the United States, which had been chartered in
  1816. However, the Bank had many supporters in
  Congress and they renewed its charter in 1832,
  but Jackson vetoed the renewal.
• Led by Henry Clay and Daniel Webster, the Banks
  friends formed a new political party named the
  Whigs. They wanted a strong federal government to
  manage the economy. This re-established a
  two-party system.

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Martin Van Buren wins the election of 1836. He
was Jacksons pick to replace him.
William Henry Harrison wins the election of 1840.
The first Whig President, he died a month after
taking office of Pneumonia.