Organization of Knowledge (LIS 703)

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Organization of Knowledge(LIS 703)

• Taverekere (Kanti) Srikantaiah
• Director and Professor
• Center For Knowledge Management
• Dominican University
• River Forest, IL 60305
• Email srikant_at_dom.edu

Revised 1/22/08
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Information Management is

• Identifying information needs
• Locating information sources
• Selecting information sources
• Organizing information
• Disseminating information

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S.R. Ranganathans Five Laws

• Books are for use
• Every reader his book
• Every book its reader
• Save the time of the reader
• A library is a growing organization
• (From Jesse H. Shera. Libraries and the
  Organization of Information. Hamdon, CT Archon
  Books, 1965)

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Information Context
Users
Sources/Tools
Contents
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Information Context

• Information systems have collections and
  policies. Their effectiveness is based on

• Reliability
• Efficiency
• Security
• Quality
• Etc.

• Response time
• Accuracy
• Through put
• Relevancy
• Economy

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Information

• Categories of Information
• Are they external or internal?
• What do contents reflect?
• What are the available formats?
• Are there any specific terms and conditions to
  access?
• How are the systems regarding speed, accuracy,
  consistency, and accountability?
• What about costs?

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Standards

• Internal and External Standards
• Are there any standards?
• Are those standards internal, external, or both?
• Do they comply with the stated standards?
• Who (or unit) has the responsibility in
  implementation, monitoring and evaluation of
  standards?

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Defining Information Needs

• Users of Information
• Do they belong to different groups?
• Who are they?
• What are their information needs?
• How would information help?

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Bibliographical Record

• Serves users and also information providers
• Data elements relevant to a document
• Controlled vocabulary
• House-keeping aspects

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Level of Description (1.0D)

• Base the choice of a level of description on the
  purpose of the catalogue or catalogues for which
  the entry is constructed
• First Level of Description (1.0D1)
• Second Level of Description (1.0D2)
• Third Level of Description (1.0D3)

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Chief Source of Information (CSOI)

• CSOI
• Title Page
• Item Container/Case
• Manuscript/Other Sources
• List Title Page, Cover, Caption, Colophon, Other
  Sources

• Type of Material
• Atlases
• Other Cartographic
• Items
• Manuscript
• Published Music

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Chief Source of Information (CSOI)

• Type of Material
• Sound Recordings
• Disc
• Tape (Reel to Reel)
• Tape Cassette
• Tape Cartridge
• Roll
• Sound Recording on Film

• CSOI
• Disc and Label
• Reel and Label
• Cassette and Label
• Cartridge and Label
• Label
• Container and Label

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Chief Source of Information (CSOI)

• CSOI
• Film, Cartridge, Container and Label, Other
  Sources
• Items, Labels, Containers
• Title Screen, Other Internal Sources
  (Menus/Programs)

• Type of Material
• Motion Pictures and Video recordings
• Graphic Materials
• Computer Files
• Three-Dimensional

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Development of Catalog Codes

• Ad-hoc rules all over
• Anthony Panizzi -BM (91 rules) 1841
• Charles Cutter (Rules for Dictionary
  Catalog) 1876
• Prussian Instructions (Basis for German Union
  Catalog) 1898
• Anglo-American Code (AA Code) 1908
• 1949 rules for descriptive cataloging in LC
• ALA Code 1949
• Lubetzkys Revisions 1949-1967

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Bibliographic Record

• 1961 Paris principles
• 1966 international meeting of cataloging experts
  of IFLA and initiation of ISBD
• 1977 ISBDs general eight specific areas each
  area divided into a number of elements later
  fully expanded to cover M, A, MRF, NBM, PM, and S

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Development of Catalog Codes

• AACR1 1967
• AACR2 1978
• AACR2R 1988
• with Amendments 2002
• The Future ????

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AACR2R

• General Rules for Description Chapter 1
• Books, Pamphlets, and Printed Sheets Chapter 2
• Cartographic Materials Chapter 3
• Manuscripts Chapter 4
• Published Music Chapter 5
• Sound Recordings Chapter 6

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AACR2R

• Motion Pictures and Video recordings Chapter 7
• Graphic Materials Chapter 8
• Electronic Resources Chapter 9
• Three-Dimensional Artifacts and Realia
  Chapter 10
• Microforms Chapter 11
• Continuing Resources Chapter 12
• Analysis Chapter 13

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Rules for Descriptive Cataloging

• Appendix A Capitalization (563-599)
• Appendix B Abbreviations (600-610)
• Appendix C Numerals (611-614)
• Appendix D Glossary (615-624)
• Appendix E Initial Articles

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Rules for Descriptive Cataloging

• (Print Materials)
• REFER
• Anglo American Cataloguing Rules. 2nd ed.,
  revised 1988, 2002.
• Chapter 1 General Rules for Description
• Chapter 2 Books, Pamphlets, and Printed Sheets

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The Catalog

• Parts of the catalogs
• Public catalog
• Shelf list
• Authority file

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Source Manheimer
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Source Manheimer
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Bibliographic Record

• Call number
• Main entry
• Title proper other title information
• Statement of responsibility subsequent
  statements of responsibility.
• Edition statement/statement of responsibility
  relating to the edition

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Bibliographic Record

• Imprint Place publisher, date (Place printer)
• Physical description, Number of pages, Number of
  plates illustration statement size
  accompanying material.
• Series number
• Notes
• Standard Number (ISBN)
• Subject heading
• Added entry

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Authority Control

• Interchangeable with vocabulary control
• Consistency in description of any element
• Enhances information retrieval
• Shows relationships
• Persons
• Titles
• Subjects

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Authority Control

• Maintain consistency
• Enhance information retrieval
• Show relationships persons, titles, and subjects

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MARC (Machine Readable Cataloging)

• 1960's - publisher, printers, editors started
  experimenting with computers to produce books
• 1964 - The recording of library of congress
  bibliographical data in machine readable form
• 1965 - LC/CLR/ARL sponsored a conference to
  determine requirements for a machine readable
  record

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MARC (Machine Readable Cataloging)

• 1966(Nov) to 1968(Jun) - LC distributed 50,000
  records for English language monographs on
  magnetic tape to 16 participating libraries
• 1968 - The MARC pilot project. Final report on a
  project sponsored by the Council on Library
  Resources, Inc (includes description of work and
  reports of the participating libraries)

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MARC (Machine Readable Cataloging)

• 1969 - Implementation of MARC distribution
  service to participating libraries and
  institutions

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MARC

• Each USMARC has three elements
• Record Structure
• Content Designation
• Data Content of the Record

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MARC Record Structure

• Implementation of ANSI Z39.2
• Bibliographic Information Interchange on magnetic
  tape (adopted in 1971)
• ISO 2709 (1981 Revisions)
• Documentation format for Bibliographic
  Information Interchange on magnetic tape (1973)
  (international equivalent of ANSI)

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MARC (Machine Readable Cataloging)

• MARC I became MARC II
• MARC was later called LCMARC
• LCMARC eventually became USMARC
• MARC 21 (current)

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LC Responsibilities

• (MARC and standardization are complimentary
  activities)
• Make necessary changes to established formats
• Design new formats collaborating with the library
  community
• Compile and distribute MARC documentation
• Maintain liaison with the ALA (MARBI)
• Represent the U.S. library community in
  international MARC activities

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MARC Display (sample tags)

• 008 Coded control information
• 010 LC Control Number
• 020 ISBN
• 040 Cataloging Source
• 043 Geographic Area Code
• 050 LC Call Number
• 082 Dewey Call Number
• 090 Local Call Numbers
• 100 Main Entry--Personal Name

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MARC Display (sample tags)

• 110 Main Entry--Corporate Name
• 111 Main Entry--Meeting Name
• 130 Main Entry--Uniform Title
• 245 Title Statement
• 250 Edition Statement
• 260 Imprint
• 300 Physical Description
• 400 Series Statement/Added Entry--Personal Name
• 410 Series Statement/Added Entry--Corporate Name

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MARC Display (sample tags)

• 440 Series Statement/Added Entry--Title
• 500 General Note
• 504 Bibliography Note
• 505 Contents Note
• 600 Subject Added Entry--Personal Name
• 610 Subject Added Entry--Corporate Name
• 611 Subject Added Entry--Meeting Name
• 650 Subject Added Entry--Topical Term
• 651 Subject Added Entry--Geographic Name

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MARC Display (sample tags)

• 700 Added Entry--Personal Name
• 710 Added Entry--Corporate Name
• 730 Added Entry--Uniform Title
• 740 Added Entry--Variant Title
• 800 Series Added Entry--Personal Name
• 810 Series Added Entry--Corporate Name
• 811 Series Added Entry--Meeting Name

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The Catalog

• Identification of information in a traditional
  bibliographic record
• Call numbers
• Main entry
• Bibliographic description (areas and elements)
• Tracing
• LC control number/others

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The Catalog

• What is a catalog?
• Functions of the catalog
• Objectives of the catalog
• Bibliographic record formats and elements
  (identification and terminology)

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The Catalog

• Access points headings and entries
• Main entry personal name, corporate name, title
• Added entries personal name, corporate name,
  title, series, subject
• Non-traditional access points classification,
  standard numbers, other elements
• The unit record and the complete card set

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The Catalog

• Identification of information in a MARC
  bibliographic record
• All of above
• Fixed-length data fields (fixed fields)
• Variable-length data fields (variable fields) and
  subfields
• Record directory and data field tags
• Data field indicators

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Card Cataloging Rules Adequate for Electronic
Processing?

• Rules should serve both manual and on-line
• AAACR2 rules applicable to computer processing?
• Bibliographical syntax and complexity

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Computerized Record Formats

• Fixed length field
• of characters fixed
• No computer instruction on ending of field
• Economical on data storage
• Easy to code

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Computerized Record Formats

• Variable length field
• Length varies within fields and subfields
• Computerized records operated by separators
  (delimiters)
• Content designators
• Fields and subfields
• Repeatable fields and subfields
• Indicators
• Directory
• Label (leader)

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OCLC, MARC, SGML and HTML

• Traditional mark up deal with physical format
• Electronic systems have built in procedure for
  formatting
• When system software (sometimes hardware) changes
  data conversion is necessary (time-consuming and
  costly)

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OCLC, MARC, SGML and HTML

• In descriptive (text) mark up contents of a
  document is structured not the physical format
• Document contents (chapter, paragraph, footnote,
  bibliography) are categorized using codes for
  effective retrieval to meet different needs

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SGML

• Standard Generalized Mark Up Language (SGML) is
  referred to as Metalanguage
• Developed in 1970 as GML (General Mark Up
  Language) meets national and international
  standards (ISO 8879)

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SGML

• Permits description of structured information
  through syntax (classes of documents) called DTDs
  (Document Type Definitions) written with specific
  applications
• 3 projects TEI (The Text Encoding Initiative)
  BFAP (Berkeley Finding Aid Project) and DIAP
  (Columbia University Digital Image Access Project)

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HTML

• Hypertext Mark Up Language
• Since 1990 WWW Browsers -- Netscape, Mosaic, and
  Internet Explorer. Etc.

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International Exchange of Data

• UNIMARC initiation developed through IFLA (to
  resolve problems in exchanging data
• UNIMARC has two conversion programs(1977)
• To convert from national format to UNIMARC
• To convert from UNIMARC to national format
• IFLAs UBCIM (Universal Bibliographic Control
  International MARC Core Program) is responsible
  for all MARC related program

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International Exchange of Data

• UBCIM continues to work on standards on books and
  non-books (ISBD etc.)
• UNIMARC manual is available in many language
• UNIMARC also assist in managing and using name
  authority files

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Non-MARC/ISO 2709 Formats

• Issue of history and economics
• UNISIST reference manual
• CCF (Common Communication Format)
• Acceptance of bibliographic entitles (global)

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Bibliographical Record/ISBN

• ISBN (International Standard Book Number)
• Unique identification system for each monograph
  by a specific publisher
• 1967 Introduced in UK by Whitaker Sons
• 1968 Introduced to USA by R.R. Bowker
• International organization for standardization
  (ISO TC 46) has responsibility for standardization

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Bibliographic Record/ISBN (cont.)

• Assigned to printed books, pamphlets
• Electronic publications
• Educational/instructional films
• Videos and transparencies
• Educational/instructional software
• Audio books on cassettes or CD or DVD
• Braille publications
• Microform publications

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Bibliographic Record/ISBN (cont.)

• ISBN is used by publishers, distributors,
  wholesalers, bookstores and libraries, in 217
  countries as ordering systems.
• To date, the U.S. ISBN Agency has more than
  180,000 publishers.

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Bibliographical Record/ISBN (cont.)

• Formerly 10 digits is currently replaced by 13
  digits to identify
• National, geographic, language or other
  convenient group
• Publisher or producer
• Publishers with existing ISBN-10s will need to
  convert their ISBNs to ISBN-13s by the addition
  of a prefix 978 and recalculation of the new
  check digit.
• Title identifier
• Check digit
• Validates the ISBN-13

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Bibliographic Record/ISBN (cont.)

• In the United States, a five-digit add-on-code is
  used for additional information.
• In the publishing industry, the code is used for
  price information.
• The lead digit of the five-digit add-on-code is a
  currency identifier 5 for the U.S. dollar, 6 for
  the Canadian dollar, 1 for the British pound, 3
  for the Australian dollar, 4 for the New Zealand
  dollar, etc.
• If publishers do not want to indicate the price
  add-on should be the code 90000.

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Bibliographic Record/ISBN (cont.)

• Administered at three levels
• ISBN Agency in UK
• National agencies
• Publishing houses
• ISBN Agency website http//www.isbn.org

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Bibliographic Record/ISSN

• Serials are known and cited by title.
• ISSN is limited to the key title.
• Only one ISSN for each title and a particular
  medium (separate ISSNs are assigned to each
  medium version).
• If title changes, new ISSN is required.

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Bibliographic Record/ISSN (cont.)

• In the U.S., the National Serials Data Program at
  the Library of Congress has the responsibility to
  assign and maintain ISSNs for all U.S. serial
  titles.
• Application form is required.
• Assignment of ISSN is free (no charge).
• ISSN instructions http//lcweb.loc.gov/issn.

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Bibliographic Record/ISSN (cont.)

• ISSN (International Standard Serial Number)
• Product of 1970s
• ISO 3297/ANSI/ NISO Z 39.9
• Number appear as two groups of four digits
  separated by a hyphen
• EX 1234-5678
• Not assigned by publishers

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Bibliographic Record/ISSN (cont.)

• Administered by ISSN Network (International
  Organization) with the UNESCO/UNISIST Program
• ISSN International Centre located in Paris
  (Network consists of national and regional
  centers)
• Centers have the responsibility to register
  serials in their countries

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Source LC
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ISBD

• Area Punctuation Element
• Title and 1.1 Title proper
• statement of 1.2 General material
  designation
• responsibility 1.3 Parallel title
• area 1.4 Other title information
• 1.5 Statements of responsibility
• / First statement
• Subsequent statement

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ISBD
Area Punctuation Element 2. Edition 2.1
Edition statement area 2.2 Parallel edition
statement 2.3 Statements of
responsibility relating to the
edition / First statement Subsequent
statement , 2.4 Additional edition
statement 2.5 Statements of
responsibility following an additional
edition statement / First
statement Subsequent statement
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ISBD

• Area Punctuation Element
• 3. Material (or type)
• of publication)
• specific area

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ISBD

• Area Punctuation Element
• 4. Publication, 4.1 Place of publication,
  distribution, etc.
• distribution, First place
• etc., area Subsequent place
• 4.2 Name of publisher, distributor,
  etc.
• 4.3 Statement of function of publisher,
• distributor, etc.
• , 4.4 Date of publication, distribution,
  etc.
• ( 4.5 Place of manufacturer
• 4.6 Name of manufacturer
• ,) 4.7 Date of manufacture

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ISBD
Area Punctuation Element 5. Physical 5.1
Specific material designation and description
area extent of item 5.2 Other physical
details 5.3 Dimensions of item 5.4
Accompanying material statement 6. Series
area 6.1 Title proper of series Note A
series 6.2 Parallel title of series statement
is 6.3 Other title information of
series enclosed by parentheses.
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ISBD
Area Punctuation Element 6. Series area 6.4
Statements of responsibility relating to the
series Note When there / First statement are
two or more Subsequent statement series
statements, , 6.5 International Standard
Serial each is enclosed Number of series by
parentheses. 6.6 Numbering within
series . 6.7 Enumeration and/or title
of sub series 6.8 Parallel title of sub
series 6.9 Other title information of sub
series
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ISBD
Area Punctuation Element 6. Series area 6.10
Statements of responsibility relating to the
sub series / First statement Subsequent
statement 6.11 International Standard
Serial Number of sub series 6.12
Numbering within sub series
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ISBD
Area Punctuation Element 7. Note area 8.
Standard 8.1 Standard number (or
alternative) number (or 8.2 Key
title alternative) and 8.3 Terms of
availability and/or price terms of () 8.4
Qualification (in varying positions) availability
area
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Main Entry

• Authorship (based on Paris Principle)
• The person or corporate body chiefly responsible
  for the creation of the intellectual or artistic
  content of a work
• Corporate Authorship
• Administrative (21.1B2)
• Legal/Governmental Laws etc. (21.32-21.39)
• Conference etc. (21.1B1)
• Sound Recordings, Films etc. (21.23)
• Official Communications--Govt. Etc. (21.4D1)

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Main Entry

• Personal Authorship
• Classical Works (Homer, Plato, etc.)
• Anonymous Classics
• Others
• Single Personal Authorship (21.4A)
• Shared Responsibility (21.6B)

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Main Entry

• Others
• Mixed Responsibility
• Adapter (21.10)
• Artist/Illus (21.11A)
• Revised, Enlarged, Updated, etc. (21.12A)
• Commentator (21.13B)
• Text/Comm. By a Different Person (21.13C)
• Translator (21.14A)
• Biographer/Critic (21.15A)

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Classification

• Organize collections/knowledge according to some
  system
• Provide a systematic arrangement -- a formal and
  orderly access to collections
• Bring related items together -- leading users to
  identify and locate

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Criteria

• Inclusive as well as comprehensive
• Systematic
• Flexible and expandable
• Clear terminology for users and classifiers

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Systems

• Enumerative (based on collections)
• Hierarchical (deductive/philosophical)
• Synthetic (generalized rules/facet approach
• (Notation can be pure or mixed)

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Some Examples

• Deweys Decimal Classification
• (Melvil Dewey 1851-1931 Amherst College)
• Cutters Expansive Classification
• (Charles Ammi Cutter 1837-1903 Boston Athenaeum)
• Browns Subject Classification
• (James Duff Brown 1864-1914)

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Some Examples (cont.)

• Blisss Bibliographic Classification
• (Henry Evelyn Bliss 1870-1955)
• Ranganathans Colon Classification
• (S. R. Ranganathan 1892-1972)

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Some Others

• Universal Decimal Classification (UDC)
• FID Managed
• National Library of Medical Classification
• NLM Managed
• A Classification Scheme for Law Books
• Adaptation of K of LCC

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Some Others

• A Classification Scheme for Physics
  Electrotechnology, computers and control
• Inspec Managed
• The London Classification of Business Studies
• A Classification of Library and Information
  Science
• CRG Group

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Four Major Classification Schemes

• Library of Congress Classification (LCC)
• The scheme of classification drawn up by Herbert
  Putnam in 1897. Although based in some respects
  on the Dewey Decimal Classification and Cutters
  expansive schemes, it does not conform to
  theoretical rules for classification. It was
  quite explicitly compiled to meet the needs of
  the librarys huge collection of books and is too
  detailed and complex to use in small libraries.
  It has however, been adopted by research and
  university libraries throughout the world.

Source John Feather and Paul Sturges (ed.)
(1997). International Encyclopedia of Information
and Library Science.
87
Four Major Classification Schemes

• Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC)
• Devised by Melvil Dewey and first published in
  1876, since when it has been revised nineteen
  times. Knowledge is divided into the ten main
  classes, each designated by a numeral form zero
  to nine, which can be then subdivided by the
  addition of two numerals before a decimal point
  and further numerals after it. It has a relative
  index which shows the relation of each subject
  that is indexed to a larger subject (or class
  division). The published schedules have been
  extended and modified in successive editions.

Source John Feather and Paul Sturges (ed.)
(1997). International Encyclopedia of Information
and Library Science.
88
Four Major Classification Schemes

• Universal Decimal Classification (UDC)
• Essentially an elaborate expansion of the Decimal
  Classification of Melvil Dewey, using various
  symbols in addition to Arabic numerals to create
  long and expressive notations for particular
  documents. This makes it particularly appropriate
  for use in specialist libraries and collections,
  and its adoption by the International
  Organization for Standardization (ISO) has
  ensured its worldwide use. It was developed by
  the Insitut Internationale de Bibliographie, now
  FID, under the direction of Paul Otet and Henri
  la Fontaine.

Source John Feather and Paul Sturges (ed.)
(1997). International Encyclopedia of Information
and Library Science.
89
Four Major Classification Schemes

• Colon Classification (CC)
• Designed by S.R. Ranganathan, it is based on the
  classficiation of any subject by its uses and
  relations, which are indicated by numbers divided
  by a colon . It was the first example of an
  analytical-synthetic classification, in which the
  subject field is first analyzed into facets, and
  class numbers are provided for most topics but
  are constructed combining the classes of the
  various unit schedules of which the scheme
  consists. It has proved particularly popular in
  India and has inspired classification researchers
  in many parts of the world.

Source John Feather and Paul Sturges (ed.)
(1997). International Encyclopedia of Information
and Library Science.
90
Dewey Summaries

• First Summary
• The Ten Main Classes
• 000 Generalities
• 100 Philosophy psychology
• 200 Religion
• 300 Social sciences
• 400 Language
• 500 Natural sciences mathematics

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Dewey Summaries

• 600 Technology (Applied sciences)
• 700 The arts - Fine and decorative arts
• 800 Literature rhetoric
• 900 Geography history

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T. Kanti Srikantaiah
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Subject Cataloging

• Purpose
• Provide access by subject to all material
• Bring together material of same subject
• Show relationships among subjects
• Identify specific document(s) through subject(s)
• Retrieve specific document(s) using subject
  approach
• Search for information on a given subject

94
Subject Access

• Classifying Knowledge- on the teachings of
  Callimachus, Plato, Aristotle, and Bacon
• ALA List of Subject Headings in 1885
• Cutters Rules for Dictionary Catalog revised in
  1905
• In 1914, Library of Congress first edition of
  Subject Headings Used in the Dictionary
  Catalogues of the Library of Congress
• In 1975, title changes to Library of Congress
  Subject Headings (LCSH)
• In 1988, LC included online version
• In 1923, Sears List of Subject Headings (Sears)
  was introduced to small libraries

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Subject Access to Information

• Design and Development of Subject Headings
• Main Headings and Subdivisions
• Cross References
• Special Types

96
Subject Access to Information

• Two Main Viewpoints
• Natural Language VS. Controlled Vocabulary
• Controlled Vocabulary Systems
• Evolution
• Alphabetic VS. Classified Arrangement
• Current Scenario
• Library of Congress Subject Headings
• Sears List of Subject Headings
• Medical Subject Headings
• Others

97
Comparison of Natural and Controlled Language
Natural Language Strengths High specificity gives precision. Excels in retrieving individual terms- names of persons, organizations, etc. Exhaustively gives potential for high recall. Does not apply to title-only databases. Up-to-date. New terms immediately available. Words of author used- no misinterpretation by indexer. Natural language words used by searcher. Low input costs. Easier exchange of material between databases- language incompatibility removed. Controlled Language Weaknesses Lack of system specificity, even in detailed systems. Lack of exhaustively. Cost of indexing to level of natural language prohibitive. Also terms may be omitted in error by indexers. Not immediately up-to-date. Time lag while terms are added to the thesaurus. Words of authors liable to be misconstrued. Errors in indexing terms can cause losses. Artificial language has to be learned by the searcher. High input costs. Incompatibility a barrier to easy exchange.
Both natural and controlled language systems
offer the same powerful search aids- truncation,
word proximity, etc.
98
Comparison of Natural and Controlled Language
(cont.)
Natural Language Weaknesses Intellectual effort placed on searcher. Problems arise with terms having many synonyms and several species. Syntax problems. Danger of false drops through incorrect term association. Exhaustively may lead to loss of precision. Controlled Language Strengths Eases the burden of searching Controls synonyms and near-synonyms and leads to specific natural language concepts to the nearest preferred terms to broaden search Qualifies homographs Provides scope notes Displays broader, narrower and related terms Expresses concepts elusive in free text. Overcomes syntax problems with compound terms and other devices. At normal levels of indexing, avoids precision loss through over-exhaustively (i.e. retrieval of minor concepts of peripheral interest). An asset in numerical databases and multilingual systems.
Both natural and controlled language systems
offer the same powerful search aids- truncation,
word proximity, etc.
99
Controlled Vocabularies

• Subject Approach
• Point out what a library/information source or
  database has on a particular subject
• Point out what a library/information source or
  database has on a related subjects
• Two popular pre-coordinated subject heading lists
  in the US
• The Library of Congress
• Sears List of Subject Headings

100
Controlled Vocabularies

• Other lists are in specific fields
• Ex MESH (Medical Subject Heading List)
• Approach
• Topical or Form Headings
• Single Noun Cats, Economics, Poetry
• Phrases Adjectuval--Agricultural credit, English
  literature, Library science, teenage automobile
  drivers Prepositional--Children in motion
  pictures, Federal aid to youth services, Costume
  in art Conjunctive--Emigration and immigration,
  Open and closed shelves, Childrens encyclopedias
  and dictionaries, bolts and nuts
  Inverted--Chemistry, Organic, Maps, Statistical,
  Knowledge, Sociology of Free Floating--Nixon,
  Richard M. (Richard Milhous), 1913-, In fiction,
  drama, poetry, etc.

101
Library of Congress Subject Headings

• 263,000 authority records
• 19,200 personal
• 4,500 corporate
• 12 meeting or conference
• 480 uniform title
• 197,000 topical
• 42,000 geographical

Source Library of Congress Subject Headings,
30th Edition, 2007
102
LCSH Headings

• One word
• Two words
• More than two words
• Class numbers (36 of headings followed by S)
• Scope notes

103
Subdivisions

• Topical Subdivision
• Form Subdivision
• Chronological Subdivision
• Geographical Subdivision
• Free-Floating Subdivision
• Pattern Headings

104
Subdivisions (contd)

• Order of Subdivision
• Main Heading--Topical Subdivision--Geographic
  Subdivision--Chronological Subdivision--Form
  Division
• France--Intellectual Life--20th
  Century--Historiography
• Teachers--Training of--United States--Bibliography
  
• Farm Buildings--Specifications--Maryland--Montgome
  ry County
• Visual Aids--Collectors and Collecting--Standards-
  -Japan

105
Subdivisions (contd)

• Form Subdivisions
• Engineering-examinations, questions, etc.
• Gardens--Pictorial Works
• Poetry
• Engineering--Dictionaries
• Topical Subdivisions
• Wages--Minimum Wage
• Engineering--Research
• Agriculture--Accounting

106
Subdivisions (contd)

• Period (Chronology)
• France--History--Louis XIV, 163-1715
• United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865
• Greece--History--1453-1821
• English Language--Grammar--1950-
• Sculpture, Ancient
• Great Britain--History--Wars of the Roses,
  1455-1485

107
Subdivisions (contd)

• Geographic
• Sports--England
• Education, Elementary--United States
• Music--Africa
• Education--Demographic Aspects--Japan
• Art--Great Britain
• Charities--Italy--Florence
• Wool Industry--Government Policy--Italy--Naples
• Cities and Towns--India--Bangalore
• Agriculture--Florida
• Music--Scotland

108
Subdivisions (contd)

• Free Floating
• General
• --Abstracts
• --Cost Effectiveness
• --Library Resources
• --Periodicals--Indexes
• --Software
• --Study and Teaching

109
Subdivisions (contd)

• Free Floating (contd)
• Specific Type
• Actors--Political Activity
• Asian Americans--Race Identity
• Illinois--Governors--Election

110
Subdivisions (contd)

• Free Floating (contd)
• Control by Pattern Headings
• Colonies Great Britain--Colonies
• Chemical Copper
• Insulin
• Indians Indians of North America
• Military Services United States--Armed Forces
• Musical Compositions Operas
• Sacred Works Bible
• Wars World War, 1939-1945

111
LCSH Headings

• References
• Equivalence relationships
• Hierarchical relationships
• Associate relationships
• General references

112
Cross References

• Equivalence Relationship
• English Hymns use Hymns, English
• Unconventional Warfare use Guerilla Warfare
• Illiteracy use Literacy
• Hymns, English UF English Hymns
• Literacy UF Illiteracy
• Hierarchical Relationship
• Poetry BT Literature
• NT Childrens Poetry
• Classical Poetry

113
Cross References

• Associative Relationship
• Aliens RT Citizenship
• Immigrants
• Naturalization
• Physicians RT Medicine
• Similarly,
• Medicine RT Physicians

114
Cross References

• General references
• Atlases SA Subdivision maps under
• names of countries, cities etc.,
• and under topics
• Cranberries --Diseases and Pets
• SA Names of pests,
• e.g. Cranberry Root-worm
• Court of Last Resort SA Names of
• individual supreme courts

115
Outline of Subconcepts of Subject Analysis

• Identify concepts and determine what is the
  purpose of the information package (e.g., who the
  intended users are) in the following
• Title and subtitle.
• Table of contents or equivalent.
• Preface and/or introduction (etc.).
• Illustrations and their captions.
• Identify names used as subject concepts.
• Identify role(s) of any geographic name(s)
  present.
• Identify chronological elements.
• Identify form of the item being analyzed.
• Construct a sentence giving analysis of what this
  information package is about.
• Identify index terms from the sentence to be
  searched in the controlled vocabulary.
• Translate the terms into specific headings from
  the controlled vocabulary list.
• Construct the hierarchy (discipline/subdiscipline/
  concept/topic, etc.) into which the aboutness
  falls.
• Convert the hierarchy into a classification
  notation.

Source Taylor
116
Mechanization of Bibliography

• Automation first entered in 1870s with the
  introduction of typewriters (Lot of discussion)
• In 1890s, the documentation Movement in Europe
• Development of Professional Organizations and
  Scientific Research
• UDC was discussed in 1892 conference in Brussels
  (organized by Otlet and LaFontaine)
• In 1937, the American Documentation Institute was
  formed. In 1968 changed its name to ASIS. In 2000
  became ASIS T

117
Mechanization of Bibliography

• In 1938, FID was established
• In 1928, Eastman Kodaks technological advance in
  microfilm
• World War II- Information Explosion
• In 1945, Vannevar Bush opened a new era
  (associative index)
• In the 1950 and 1960s many mechanization
  attempts
• Creation of MARC format at LC
• OCLC (online college library center)
• RLIN (research libraries network) in 1977

118
How does system design relate to the organization
or information?

• System design holds together the metadata that
  serve as surrogates for the information package
  within a domain.
• Before computerization, the people who created
  surrogate records were the same people who
  organized them, so system design was not a
  separate process.
• Panizzis rules proposed the contents of
  surrogate records and also the standards for
  cataloging them.
• Cutters rules included an emphasis on
  collocation (logical juxtaposition of records)
  and a design for the card catalog and filing.
• Each edition of ALA filing rules has assumed that
  the system design is based on a card catalog.

119
System designs differ, so users must learn each
system by asking

• How does the system accept queries? Commands?
  Forms? Menus? Command structure?
• Can one search by Author? Title? Subject?
  Form/genre? Keywords? Combinations? Exact
  word-for-word matches?
• Are Boolean searches allowed? Order of
  operations? Default AND or OR? How are search
  results displayed? In what order?
• Are guides presented before actual listings of
  records? How do they divide up (organize)
  responses? How do you sift through a multiscreen
  response?
• What kinds of information are included in records
  in the database? Is coded data translated in a
  meaningful way?
• Is a record displayed in full or briefly, and
  what is included at each level of detail?

120
System designs differ, so users must learn each
system by asking

• Do records contain subject data in the form of
  controlled vocabulary?
• Does the system support controlled vocabulary by
  displaying relationships between subjects?
  (Broader, narrower, and related terms)
• How are author searches interpreted by the
  system- exact match, near match, keyword?
• Which keys on keywords have special functions in
  the system? (Ctrl, Alt)
• How are hyphens, punctuation, symbols treated?
  Normalization algorithms?
• Does the system remember where the user is in a
  search? Navigation?

121
Filing Principles
T. Kanti Srikantaiah
From different sources
122
Filing Principles (Cont.)
From different sources
T. Kanti Srikantaiah
123
Filing Principles (Cont.)
From different sources
124
Filing Principles (Cont.)
Examples of Basic ALA Rules
T. Kanti Srikantaiah
Source ALA Filing Rules
125
Filing Principles (Cont.)
T. Kanti Srikantaiah
Source ALA Filing Rules
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Filing Principles (Cont.)
T. Kanti Srikantaiah
Source ALA Filing Rules
127
Filing Principles (Cont.)
T. Kanti Srikantaiah
Source ALA Filing Rules
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Filing Principles (Cont.)
Source ALA Filing Rules
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Filing Principles (Cont.)
Source ALA Filing Rules