Social Studies 10

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THE RENAISSANCE

• Social Studies 10

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DEFINITON

• A great revival of classical (Roman and Greek)
  art, literature and learning in Europe.
• Renaissance means rebirth or revival.

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WHERE IT BEGAN

• Began in the Italian cities-states
• The city of Florence would be the heart of the
  Renaissance.
• Florence was under the rule of the powerful
  Medici banking family.

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TIME PERIOD

• 14TH 16TH centuries

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HOW DID SPREAD

• The Renaissance spread to the rest of Europe via
  the printing press.
• Before books copied hand on expensive parchment
  made from the skin of sheep or goats. A simple
  book could take 6 months to complete.

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HOW DID SPREAD

• Paper came from the Chinese to Arabs and reached
  Europe in the 1300s.
• Printing began in Europe in Germany and other
  northern countries.
• They carved the letters and words in wooden
  blocks then inked and pressed them.

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HOW DID SPREAD

• 15th century movable type was introduced (small
  wooden blocked engraved with individual letters
  that could be rearranged)
• The printing press was a new invention perfected
  by Johann Gutenberg of Mainz, Germany in 1453.
• Printed first addition of the Bible
• He used metallic movable type to print written
  works.
• The printing press allowed books and writing to
  reach a mass audience because they could now be
  mass produced.
• Knowledge and learning exploded

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GUTTENBURG AND PRINTING PRESS
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WHO

• Artists, writers and scholars (beginning in
  Italy) who admired classical works
• Wanted to recreate the work of their ancestors.
• well-known (celebrities)
• Great patrons of the arts (individuals,
  governments, the Roman Catholic Church) sponsored
  these artists, writers and scholars or
  commissioned their works.

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FOCUS AND PHILOSOPHY

• The concept of HUMANISM focus on human concern
  and classics
• Emphasis on human ability
• Studied humanities (grammar, rhetoric or public
  speaking, poetry, history)
• Embraced life in all forms unlike their medieval
  counterparts who saw it as heresy to study pagan
  (non-Christian) ideas and achievements
• Sought to improve humanity and society through
  enlightened education and action
• An optimistic, self-confident and creative

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MEDIEVAL ART

• Most art was in manuscripts and tapestries
• Stressed divine
• Symbolic qualities
• 2 dimensional
• Plain, flat background
• No real large scale painting

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Renaissance painting

• Development of 3 dimensional perspective
• Use of mythological symbols and nudes again in
  art
• Focus on human qualities instead of divine
• Giotti de Bondore 1st the paint life-life, 3D
  figure

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BOTTICELLI

• Painted one of the first female nudes
• The Birth of Venus

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RENAISSANCE SCULPTURE

• Revived classical ideals of beauty and
  proportions of the human form
• Sculptors carefully studied human anatomy and
  made life like statues that accurately showed
  muscles and joints.
• Sculptures of nudes (not seen since ancient times)

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MICHELANGELO

• One of the greatest Renaissance sculptors
• Each act, each limb, each bone is given life,
  and lo, mans body is raised breathing, alive, in
  wax or clay or stone.
• Most famous sculpture is the statue of David in
  Florence.

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THE STATUE OF DAVID
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DONATELLO (1386 1466)

• Donato di Niccolò di Betto Bardi
• Considered one of the greatest sculptors of all
  time and founder of modern sculpture
• Born in Florence
• His David was the first nude statue of the
  Renaissance
• Gattamelata was considered one of the best
  proportioned statues

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DONATELLO
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ARCHITECTURE

• Constructing symmetrical buildings, domes,
  columns, friezes, etc in the style of ancient
  architecture

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THE DUOMO

• Third largest domed cathedral in the world
• Located in Florence
• Designed by Brunelleschi
• Octagonal dome

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THE DUOMO
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ST. PETERS BASILICA

• Largest domed cathedral in the world
• Completed by Michelangelo when he was 70 years
  old
• Borrowed ideas from Brunelleschi to complete it
• Located in the Vatican
• Heart of Catholicism

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ST PETERS BASILICA
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DOORS OF THE BAPTISTERY OF SAN GIOVANNI

• Contest to see who would sculpt the doors
• Ghiberti beat Brunelleschi and Donatello
• Took him 48 years to sculpt the bronze doors

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RENAISSANCE MAN

• Individuals who excelled in a variety of fields
• Two standout artists considered to be Renaissance
  Men
• Leonardo da Vinci
• Michelangelo

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LEONARDO DA VINCI1452 -1519

• Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci
• Architect, anatomist, sculptor, engineer,
  inventor, mathematician, musician, scientist, and
  painter
• Famous for his realistic paintings, such as the
  Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
• Sketched plans for a helicopter, a tank, the use
  of concentrated solar power, a calculator, a
  rudimentary theory of plate tectonics, the double
  hull
• He studied anatomy (he even dug up corpses to
  learn how the body worked)
• Vitruvian Man is also one of his most famous
  works
• Wrote journals in mirror image (backwards)

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THE MONA LISA OR LA JACONDE
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Vitruvian Man
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SKETCHES OF DA VINCIS INVENTIONS
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THE LAST SUPPER
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MICHELANGELO(1475 1564)

• Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni
• Painter, sculptor, architect, poet and engineer
• best-documented artist of the 16th century.
• Two of his best-known works, the Pieta and the
  David, were sculpted in his late twenties to
  early thirties.
• Despite his low opinion of painting, Michelangelo
  also created two of the most influential fresco
  paintings in the history of Western art the
  scenes from Genesis on the ceiling and The Last
  Judgment on the altar wall of the Sistine Chapel
  in Rome.
• designed the dome of St Peter's Basilica.
• Revolutionized classical architecture with his
  invention of the giant order of pilasters.

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Sistine Chapel
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THE LAST JUDGMENT
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PIETA
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SCIENCE IN THE RENAISSANCE

• Copernicus (Polish astronomer) stated that the
  sun not the Earth was the centre of the universe
• Copernicus and Kepler are considered among the
  founders of modern astronomy

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CAPITALISM

• New form economic force
• Wealth created by charging interest and by using
  profits from business to finance more commercial
  activities
• Huge banking families like the Medici's
  flourished
• Venetians were the best at exploiting this new
  means of gaining wealth

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Conclusion

• The Renaissance represented a shift towards a
  more optimistic view on human life and abilities.
• Art returned the Classics and the beauty of the
  human form.
• Learning and education became much more popular.
• Humanism became a popular philosophy.