Industrialization and Immigration

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Industrialization and Immigration
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Age of Steel

• Late 1800s, early 1900s huge growth in
  manufacturing
• Steel made by heating iron with other metals
• Bessemer Process speeds steel production, makes
  it cheaper

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• Steel rails for RRs start growth
• Steel starts being used for skyscrapers, bridges
• Steel boom leads to other industries, air brakes,
  passenger cars Pullman
• Increase in RR leads to growth of cities

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New Power

• Kerosene first used from oil cooking, heating,
  light
• Gasoline from oil, gas engine leads the way for
  cars
• Wright Brothers first airplane Kitty Hawk, NC

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• Thomas Edison uses of electricity, many patents
  including light bulb
• Alexander Graham Bell invents telephone, cities
  linked by wires
• Cable laid on ocean floor from US to Europe

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Big Business

• Free enterprise gov stays out of business
• Entrepreneurs people who start new businesses
• Corporations selling stock in company,
  stockholders profit if company does well

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Business Leaders

• Andrew Carnegie steel production, started
  vertical integration own all parts of production
• John D. Rockefeller Standard Oil Company,
  horizontal integration all business in one area
  monopoly

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• R.J. Reynolds tobacco in NC, rolled tobacco for
  cigs, advertising big

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Business Good and Bad

• Trust multiple companies under control of one
  group board of directors
• Critics say trusts and monopolies drive out
  competition
• Social Darwinism survival of the fittest in
  business
• Philanthropy giving money to the needy or public
  projects

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Industrial Workers

• Machines replace skilled workers with unskilled
• Low pay and poor working conditions, complain and
  get replaced easily
• Unions form to protect workers, try to get better
  pay, hours and conditions
• Collective bargaining workers together have more
  voice

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• Strikes refusal to work to get better conditions
• Homestead strike Carnegie Steel factory locks
  out workers
• Pullman strike Pullman train cars, strike
  spreads through RR industry

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New Immigration

• To this point mostly England, Ireland, Germany
• New immigrants from Eastern and Southern Europe,
  Asian
• Unfamiliar customs Eastern Orthodox, Catholic,
  Judaism
• Cheap passage over in steerage mechanical areas
  of ship

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• Immigration centers, Ellis Island and Statue of
  Liberty
• Interviews to get into US, read/write, physical
  exams to keep out diseases
• Form neighborhoods of common cultures, hear own
  language, foods, customs, make own newspapers,
  churches

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Opposition to Immigration

• Nativism favoring native born people over
  foreign born
• Discrimination against Irish, Italian, Jews and
  Chinese
• Chinese Exclusion Act bans Chinese from coming
  to US
• Immigration Restriction Act had to read/write in
  some language to get into US

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Populist Party

• Farmers suffer during time period, blame
  businesses, especially RRs
• Organizations form to help farmers- National
  Grange
• Populist Party want gov to control RR, trade,
  coinage of money