Core

1
Core Practice test 4

• Genetics

2
Remember what an inference is?

• An explanation based on observations

3
Sexual VS Asexual Reproduction

• Sexual two parents
• Meisois
• Testies and ovaries
• Fusion of egg and sperm to form a zygote
• seeds, flowers
• Increase variation
• Evolution
• Changing environments

• Asexual one parent
• Mitosis
• Somatic, body cells
• Cloning
• Exact copy
• No variation (unless mutation)
• Produce many offspring

4
A normal human cell has 46 chromosomes. After a
cell undergoes meiosis, how many chromosomes will
the resulting cells have?

• 23

5

• In which organ of an animal's body would meiosis
  occur?
• Testis and ovaries
• In a plant?
• flower

6
In changing environments, is asexual or sexual
better?

• Sexual. Why?
• The increase in genetic variability.
• Why would some grasses be able to grow on ground
  polluted by an oil spill
• Genetic variation within the grass species allows
  some to survive and reproduce.

7
What do you know about the Irish Potato Famine?

• 1845 A fungus like protist destroyed the Irish
  potato crop which was the main source of food for
  one third of the population. This led to a 7
  year famine. Why did one little fungus cause so
  much trouble?
• Potatoes grow by asexual reproduction therefore
  the potatoes lack variations that could have
  withstood the infection.

8
When environmental conditions are bad or change,
is sexual or asexual reproduction better?

• Sexual reproduction
• Why?
• It increases genetic variation (like having more
  choices).

9
How does asexual reproduction help the survival
of a species

• Asexual reproduction may result in many offspring
  with the same strong useful characteristics as
  the parent.

10

Forms of Asexual Reproduction

• Mushroom reproduce by producing
• spores
• Bacteria reproduce by
• fission
• Hydra
• budding
• Tulips (and things with bulbs)
• vegetative

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Reproduction/Plants

• Is it better to reproduce with spores or seeds?
• Seeds
• Why?
• Seeds contain stored nutrients for nourishment
  and a hard protective coat.

12
Chromosome number

• In sexual reproduction (meiosis) what happens to
  the chromosome number?
• It is cut in half (humans 46 to 23)
• In Asexual reproduction chromosome number?
• Stays the same.

13
From DNA to Protein
14
DNA vs. RNA

• DNA (where?)
• Nucleus only
• How many strands?
• Double stranded
• What type of sugar?
• De oxy ribose
• Bases are . . . . .
• A-T and
• G-C

• RNA (where)
• mRNA from nucleus to cytoplasm
• tRNA and rRNA cytoplasm
• How many strands?
• Single stranded
• What type of sugar?
• Ribose
• Bases?
• A-U
• G-C

15
What does DNA look like?

• A twisted latter.

16
How were discoveries of DNA made?

• A lot of people involved.
• Watson, Crick, Wilkins, Franklin and more
• What did they do?
• They did many experiments and Watson and Crick
  made a model.

17
Central Dogma

• What is Replication?
• DNA to DNA
• Where?
• Nucleus
• What is Transcription?
• DNA to mRNA

• Where (transcrition)
• Nucleus
• What is Translation?
• RNA to Protein
• Where?
• Cytoplasm on the Ribosome

18
DNA to Protein

• How does DNA get from the nucleus to the
  ribosomes?
• It jumps
• Just kidding mRNA (messanger RNA) takes the
  message from the nucleus to the ribosomes.

19
Patterns of inheritance

• Which trait usually shows dominant or recessive?
• dominant
• Wavy hair is where both are dominant or _________
  dominance.
• codominance
• If I cross a white and red flower and get pink.
  What is this?
• Incomplete dominance

20
inheritance

• Eye color, hair color, height is what type of
  inheritance?
• Polygenic
• Blood type is what type of inheritance?
• Multiple allelic and codominance

21
Words to know

• Hetero zygote
• Different - Rr
• Homo zygote dominant
• Same - RR
• Homo zygote recessive
• Same - rr

• Gene o type
• Genes RR, RR, rr
• Pheno type
• Physical stuff red, white, tall, short

22
Punnet Squares

• If you cross a Green pea with a yellow pea and
  get all green peas, why is this?
• Green is dominant over yellow.
• Then, if I cross these kids, what will happen?

G G
g Gg Gg
g Gg Gg
23
G g
G GG Gg
g Gg gg some yellow will show up
24
Genetic Technologies

• And genetic engineering.

25
Selective breeding is also called what?

• Artificial Selection.
• Why?
• Humans select for certain traits instead of
  nature (as in natural selection)

26

• An orchard in California makes really great
  oranges. They want to maintain this high
  quality. How should they do this?
• Clone the trees Take cuttings from the already
  fabulous trees and make trees.

27
What is the process called when an egg is
removed, fertilized outside of the body, and then
implanted in the womb?

• in vitro fertilization

28
Selective breeding

• Also called
• Artificial selection
• Breeder/farmer chooses only the best animals or
  crops
• Examples
• Corn Hybrid
• Race horses
• Shetland pony
• Siamese cat

29
Genetic technologies

• How do we do genetic testing on fetus?
• Amniotic fluid can be taken to diagnose prior to
  birth (and possibly fix)

30
DNA profiling (CSI)

• Also called?
• DNA fingerprinting and
• Gel electrophoresis
• Used for?
• Identify the killer
• Whos the dad?

31
Gene Therapy

• Also called?
• Recombinant DNA?
• What is it?
• Insert a foreign gene into a host
• Being used for
• (cystic fibrosis)

• Use bacterial plasmids to make?
• Insulin
• Human Growth Hormone (HGH)
• Interferon
• Other stuff.

32
Other Genetic technologies

• Cloning
• Increase food supply, improve health, better
  medicines, transplants etc.
• Stem cell research

33
On the board

• Punnet squares and pedigrees.