Invasive, Endangered, and Reintroduced Species of Pennsylvania

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Invasive, Endangered, and Reintroduced Species
of Pennsylvania

• Danielle Delzer Period 3 Biology

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What is an Endangered species?

• A species that is in danger of becoming extinct.
  
• A species that has a dangerously low population
  and is at risk of becoming completely wiped out.
  

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How do species become endangered?

• Habitat Destruction
• Over Population
• Over Hunting/Exploitation
• Introduction Of Foreign Species
• Pollution

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How can endangerment be prevented?

• Conservation of habitats
• Recycle, Reduce, and Reuse
• Control introduced plants and animals
• Join organizations or clubs to learn more about
  the species

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Indiana bat (Myotis sodalis)

• Why is it endangered?
• Indianan bat is endangered largely due to the
  fact that it hibernates in large groups and when
  humans disturb them during hibernation an entire
  population is effected. Such human disturbances
  include cave destruction, cave
  commercialization, and improper gating.
• Pesticides are being used to kill many of the
  insects the Indiana bat relies on for food.
• Much of the forest that the bat lives in during
  the summer is being destroyed or degraded.

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Piping Plover (Charadrius melodus)

• Why is it endangered?
• Beaches used for nesting are being destroyed and
  being used for residential and recreational uses,
  causing the piping plover parents to abandon
  nests
• Humans and natural predators are destroying
  nests.

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Gray wolf (Canis lupus)

• Why are they endangered?
• The grey wolfs habitat is being destroyed or
  utilized for other purposes.
• Many are being illegally killed and trapped.

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Northeastern bulrush (Scirpus ancistrochaetus)

• Why are they endangered?
• Shading plants are often taller keeping them from
  getting adequate light.
• Hydrology large changes in the water levels are
  negatively affecting the plants.

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American lotus (Nelumbo lutea Willd)

• Why are they endangered?
• Agricultural run off and pollution are two of the
  main reasons that the American Lotus is
  endangered.
• Lower water level in the plants habitat are also
  hurting the plant.

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Native, Introduced, and Invasive Species

• Native Species
• Has grown and developed with the surrounding
  habitat
• Location has not effected by human intervention
• Would be effected by a new species
• Introduced Species
• Has been removed from its natural habitat and
  placed in a new area by humans
• Does not pose a threat to the surrounding
  populations
• Invasive species
• A non native
• Introduced species that forces the habitats
  natives species to decline in population
• Has few or no natural predators

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How do invasive species enter our country?

• Brought by human as pest control.
• Attached to luggage and clothing.
• Hidden in the cargo of ships and boats.
• Traveling on/in other species.
• In foreign ballast water.

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How do invasive species negatively affect
communities?

• Endangerment of native species.
• Decrease in natural resources.
• Depleted habitat.
• Introduce new diseases and parasites.
• Provide competition for native species.

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Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Adelges Tsugae)

• Originally from Japan and China
• Niche The Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (HWA) survives
  by feeding on the sap of hemlock trees both in it
  native habitat and in PA. However, in its native
  habitat the trees had built up an immunity to
  them.
• Problems Caused Causes 90 of the death of
  eastern hemlock species (tree). These trees were
  very important to the environment providing shape
  for trout streams and homes for over 90 species
  of birds and mammals.

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European Corn Borer (Ostrinia nubilalis)

• Originally from Europe
• Niche The European corn borer feeds on many
  plants including corn as its name suggests.
  Predators of the Corn Borer in Pennsylvania
  include the lady beetle, the downy woodpecker,
  and the ring-necked pheasant. In its native
  habitat the flower bug and the green lacewing are
  among its main predators.
• Problems Caused Feeds on a large number of the
  Agricultural plants grown in Pennsylvania.
  Especially sweet corn, peppers, and snap peas.
  Not only do they eat the crops, they also destroy
  them by allowing fungus to attack the plants when
  they borrow into them.

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Northern Snakehead (Channa argus)

• Originally from Parts of Asia and Africa
• Niche The Northern Snakehead is a ravenous
  predator that has no natural predators in the
  streams and swamps of Pennsylvania. It also has
  the ability to survive many days out of water and
  to travel over land to new water sources making
  it a huge threat to all surrounding areas as
  well. In its native habitat it had more
  completion and predators.
• Problems Caused It can easily wipe out an entire
  population of fish that it preys on. It has
  caused many species of fish to become scarce in
  specific areas

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Garlic Mustard (Allaria Petiolata)

• Originally from Europe
• Niche Garlic Mustard difficult to get rid of
  because its seeds can remain in the soil for more
  than 10 years. A single plant can produce
  hundreds of seeds. C. scrobicollis, a tiny
  weevil, is a natural predator of the plant in
  both Pennsylvania an Europe.
• Problems Caused The Garlic Mustard is
  overcrowding and providing heavy competition for
  native plants. Since it grows in the early
  spring and before most other plants it easily
  overpowers many native plants making there
  numbers drop largely. They also give off a
  chemical that is killing many native species of
  butterflies.

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Japanese honeysuckle(Lonicera japonica Thunb)

• Originally from Japan and Korea
• Niche The Japanese Honeysuckle grows quickly and
  forms dense layer of foliage. Predators of the
  Japanese Honeysuckle include deer, rabbits,
  caterpillars, and some hummingbirds.
• Problems Caused The Japanese Honeysuckle grows
  very rapidly and makes a thick layer that easily
  overcrowds and shapes native plants. Because the
  plant grows so thick they are quickly draining
  the soil of nutrients and rendering land useless
  to native plants. They may also be giving off a
  toxic chemical that keeps other plants from
  growing near them.

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Reintroduced and Extirpated Species

• Reintroduced Species
• Has been wiped out of its natural habitat
  (usually through human error) and is then
  introduced back into it by humans.
• Extirpated Species
• Has been wiped out of a certain area or county,
  but still lives successfully in other parts of
  the world.
• Is extinct in a defined area.

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Beaver (castor canadensis)

• Beavers were once abundant in Pennsylvania, but
  were slowly eliminated by loss of habitat and
  over hunting. They were however successfully
  reintroduced though they are not as abundant as
  they once were.

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Work Cited

• http//www.biology.com Invasive species of PA
• online.org/dictionary - Endangered_species
• http//www.endangeredspecie.com/ - Causes of
  endangerment
• http//www.fws.gov/ - Endangered_species
• http//plants.usda.gov Endagered Plants
• http//www.wisegeek.com
• http//www.defenders.org/ - wild life and habitat
• http//www.dcnr.state.pa.us
• www.csa.com discovery guides