Hearty Welcome to

1
????? ??????? Principles of Translation Dr. N.
Shamnad Dept. of Arabic, University College,
Thiruvananthapuram Visit us at http//www.arabi
cuniversitycollege.yolasite.com
2
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4
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• ????? ???????? ???? ????? Louis Truffaut ?? ?????
  "" Traducteur tu seras
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5
Malayalam English Translation subtitle
6
English - Arabic Translation subtitle
7
????? ???????

• ??????? ????????? ????? Free Abridged
  Translation
• ??????? ??????? Literal Translation
• ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????????
• Standard
  Professional Translation

8
??????? ???????

• ??????? ???????? Visual interpretation
• ??????? ??????? Consecutive interpretation
• ??????? ??????? Simultaneous interpretation

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10
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• ??????? ???????
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• ??????? ??????
• ??????? ???????
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11
???????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????????? 

• ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???
  ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??????????
• ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???
  ???????? ????? ????? ???? ?????
• ????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ???????
  ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????
• ???? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????
  ??????? ??? ??????????

12
???????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????????

• ?????? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????
  ????? ???????? ??????? ????????
• ?????? ????? ?? ?????????? ????? ????? ???? ?????
  ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???????
• ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????
  ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ???????
  ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????????
  ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????
• ?????????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????
  ????

13
Method of Translation English-Arabic Verbal
Sentences ????? ??????? - Active Verb ?????
???????
Forms of Past Tense ??? ????? ????????
Affirmative Past Indefinite ?????? ?????? ?????? He worked ???
Negative Past Indefinite ?????? ?????? ?????? He did not work ?? ??? / ?? ????
Interrogative Past Indefinite ?????? ?????? ?????????? Did he work? ?? ??? ?
Negative Interrogative Past Indefinite ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? Did he not work? ??? ???? / ??? ??? ?
14
Forms of Past Tense ??? ????? ????????
Affirmative Past Continuous ?????? ???????? ?????? He was working ??? ???? / ????
Negative Past Continuous ?????? ???????? ?????? He was not working ?? ??? ????/??? ?? ????
Interrogative Past Continuous ?????? ???????? ?????????? Was he working? ?? ??? ?????
Negative Interogative Past Continuous ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? Was he not working? ??? ???/??? ??? ???? ?
15
Forms of Past Tense ??? ????? ????????
Affirmative Past Perfect ?????? ?????? ?????? He had worked ?? ???/ ??? ?? ????
Negative Past Perfect ?????? ?????? ?????? He had not worked ?? ??? ???
Interrogative Past Perfect ?????? ?????? ?????????? Had he worked? ?? ??? ??? ?
Negative Interogative Past Perfect ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? Had he not worked? ??? ??? ??? ?
16
Forms of Past Tense ??? ????? ????????
Affirmative Past Perfect Continuous ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? He had been working ??? ????....???
Negative Past Perfect Continuous ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? He had not been working ????? / ?? ??? ????....???
Interrogative Past Perfect Continuous ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? Had he been working? ?? ??? ????...????
Negative Interrogative Past Perfect Continuous ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? Had he not been working? ??? ??? ????...??? ?
17
?????? ?????? ?????? Affirmative Past
Indefinite ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????
????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????
"??" ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????. The
parliament defeated a motion of no confidence on
the government ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????
?? ???????
18
  ?????? ?????? ?????? Negative Past
Indefinite ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??"??" ???
????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? "???" ?? "??" ??? ???????
("??" ????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????). God has
not made for any man two hearts ?? ??? ???? ????
?? ????? ?? ???? He did not feel that it
attracted the break of privilege ?? ???? ????
????? ?????? ????
19
?????? ?????? ?????????? Interrogative Past
Indefinite ????? did ?? ?????? ??????
?????????? ???? ??"??" ?? "?" ?? ????? ??
????? Did the developing countries begin to
show signs of recovery? ?? ???? ????? ???????
???? ?????? ????????? ?
20
?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? Negative
Interrogative Past Indefinite ???? did ?? ??????
?????? ?????????? ?????? ?? "?" ?? not ??"??" ??
????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??"??" ?? ????? ??????
?????? . Did Moscow not await a radical change
in western policies? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????
???? ?? ???????? ???????? Did Palestinian power
politics not enter a new phase today? ??? ????
?????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ????? ??????
21

• ?????? ??????? ?????? Affirmative Past Continuous
• ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? "???"
  ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ????
  ???????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????????.
• The climate was turning increasingly in favour of
  India
• ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????

22

• ?????? ?????? ?????? Affirmative Past Perfect
• ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ??????
  (??? ?? ???) ?? ?? ?? ?????? (?? ???) ?? ??????
  ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???????????.
• I had written the letter before he arrived
• ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?????
• Stating that India had lost a true friend who did
  much to promote Indo-soviet ties
• ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????
  ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????????

23
?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? Affirmative Past
Perfect Continuous ????? ?????? ?????? ???????
?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? "???" ??
??????? (??? ????) ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??????
?? ??? ???? ?? ??????. The experts had already
visited the United States and discussions had
been continuing here also in the last few days
??? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ????
????? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????.
24
Forms of Present Tense ??? ????? ?????????
25
Forms of Present Tense ??? ????? ?????????
Affirmative Present Indefinite ??????? ?????? ?????? He works ????
Negative Present Indefinite ??????? ?????? ?????? He does not work ?? ????
Interrogative Present Indefinite ??????? ?????? ?????????? Does he work? ?? ?????
Negative Interogative Present Indefinite ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? Does not he work? ??? ???? ?
26
Forms of Present Tense ??? ????? ?????????
Affirmative Present Continuous ??????? ???????? ?????? He is working ????
Negative Present Continuous ??????? ???????? ?????? He is not working ?? ????
Interrogative Present Continuous ??????? ???????? ?????????? Is he working? ?? ?????
Negative Interogative Present Continuous ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? Is he not working? ??? ???? ?
27
Forms of Present Tense ??? ????? ?????????
Affirmative Present Perfect ??????? ?????? ?????? He has worked ?? ???
Negative Present Perfect ??????? ?????? ?????? He has not worked ?? ??? / ?? ????
Interrogative Present Perfect ??????? ?????? ?????????? Has he worked? ?? ??? ?
Negative Interogative Present Perfect ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? Has he not worked? ??? ??? ?
28
Forms of Present Tense ??? ????? ?????????
Affirmative Present Perfect Continuous ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? He has been working ????....???
Negative Present Perfect Continuous ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? He has not been working ?? ????....???
Interrogative Present Perfect Continuous ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? Has he been working? ?? ????....????
Negative Interrogative Present Perfect Continuous ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? Has he not been working? ??? ????....????
29
??????? ?????? ?????? Affirmative Present
Indefinite ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????
???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??
???????. The main objective of budget of the
union railway minister seems to be to streamline
the finances of the government's largest
undertaking ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???
?????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????
????? ???????.
30
??????? ?????? ?????? Negative Present
Indefinite ????? not ??"??" ?? ?? ?? ??????? ??
????? ?? Do, Does ???????? . The by-election
results do not indicate that she can sweep the
polls again ?? ???? ????? ?????????? ???????
???? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????.
31
??????? ?????? ?????????? Interrogative Present
Indefinite ????? Do, Does ??"??" ?? "?" ?? ?????
???????? . Does it speak well of the alertness
of Indian intelligence agencies? ?? ????
???? ???? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ?
32
??????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? Negative
Interrogative Present Indefinite ????? Do, Does
not ??"???" ?? ????? ???????? . Pharaoh said to
those around, do you not listen to what he says?
??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????????
33
??????? ????? ?????? Affirmative Present
Continuous ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????
???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???????
?????? ??? ??? ???? ????? "????? ?? ???? ?? ????
?????? ???? ???? ?????????". He is now trying to
present himself as a mature national leader
????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????.
34
??????? ?????? ?????? Affirmative Present
Perfect ????? has, have ?? "??" ?? ?????
????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ?????
????? ????? ????. The management has also
advised the workmen to call off the strike
??? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????.
35
??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? Affirmative
Present Perfect Continuous ????? ??????? ??????
??????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???
????? ??????? ?????? ?????? Since, for ??
"???". It has been raining since ten o'clock
this morning ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???????
?? ???? ?????.
36
Forms of Future Tense ??? ????? ????????
37
Forms of Future Tense ??? ????? ????????
Affirmative Future Indefinite ???????? ?????? ?????? He shall work ?????/ ??? ????
Negative Future Indefinite ???????? ?????? ?????? He shall not work ?? ????
Interrogative Future Indefinite ???????? ?????? ?????????? Shall he work? ?? ?????
Negative Interrogative Future Indefinite ???????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? Shall not he work? ??? ???? ?
38
Forms of Future Tense ??? ????? ????????
Affirmative Future Continuous ???????? ???????? ?????? He shall be working ????? ????
Negative Future Continuous ???????? ???????? ?????? He shall not be working ???? ?? ????
Interrogative Future Continuous ???????? ???????? ?????????? shall he be working? ?? ???? ?????
Negative Interrogative Future Continuous ???????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? shall he not be working? ??? ???? ???? ?
39
Forms of Future Tense ??? ????? ????????
Affirmative Future Perfect ???????? ?????? ?????? He shall has worked ???? ?? ???
Negative Future Perfect ???????? ?????? ?????? He shall has not worked ???? ?? ???
Interrogative Future Perfect ???????? ?????? ?????????? Shall he has worked? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?
Negative Interrogative Future Perfect ???????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? Shall not he has worked? ??? ???? ??? ?
40
Forms of Future Tense ??? ????? ????????
Affirmative Future Perfect Continuous ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? He shall has been working ????? ????
Negative Future Perfect Continuous ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? He shall has not been working ???? ?? ????
Interrogative Future Perfect Continuous ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? Shall he has been working? ?? ???? ?????
Negative Interrogative Future Perfect Continuous ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? Shall he has not been working? ??? ???? ???? ?
41
???????? ?????? ?????? Affirmative Future
Indefinite ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???
??????? ?????? ??????? ?? "?? ???" ?????. The
OPEC will continue to strive for a stable oil
market which it believes will be beneficial
??? ??? ??????? (??????) ??? ?????? ???????
?????? ???? ???? ?????.
42
???????? ?????? ?????? Negative Future
Indefinite ????? will not, will never, shall
not, should not, would not ??"??" ?? "??" ??
??????? ??? ?????? ? ?? ??? ?? ??????. The
world will never see anything like the status of
the ancient Egyptians ?? ???? ?????? ?????
??????? ???????? ???????
43
???????? ?????? ?????????? Interrogative Future
Indefinite ????? ????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????
??"??/?" ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??????????
??? ?????? ?? ?? "?" ?"??? Will the examination
include all the subjects? ?? ????? ????????
???? ???????
44
???????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? Negative
Interrogative Future indefinite ????? ?????
????????? ?? ??? ????? ??"?" ? not ??"??" ??????
????????. Will the recent rallies against
government not lead to political polarization in
the state? ??? ???? ?????????? ??????? ??
??????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?
45
???????? ??????? ?????? Affirmative Future
Continuous ????? ????? ????????? ??"???" ?"?" ?
be?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ing ?? ???????.
The prime minister will head the Indian
delegation that will be flying to Moscow to
attend the funeral ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?????
?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ???????.
46
???????? ?????? ?????? Affirmative Future
Perfect ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??
????? ??????. The Patient will have died
before the doctor arrives ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???
?? ??? ???????.
47
???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? Affirmative
Future Perfect Continuous ????? ????? ?????????
??"???" ?"?" ?? ??? have been?? ????? ??? ??
????? ?????? ?? ing ?? ???????. The glorious
heritage will have been encouraging the people to
work for the unity ????? ?????? ?????? ????
????? ??? ????? ??????.
48
????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ??? ???????

• ??????? ?????? ???????? (????? ??????)
• Affirmative subject and predicate (in the present
  time)
• Women are human beings and have as much right to
  full development as men have
• ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????
  ??? ??????

49
Cotton grows in India, Egypt and America ?????
???? ?? ????? ???? ???????
50
??????? ?????? ?????? (????? ??????) Negative
subject and predicate (in the present
time) ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????
????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???. ??????
Corruption is not the monopoly of the civilian
regimes ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????.
51
??????? ?????? ?????????? (?????
??????) Interrogative subject and predicate (in
the present time) ????? is, am, are ?? ?????
??????????? ??"??" ?"?" ?????? Is she a leader
of the poor today? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???
???????
52
??????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? (?????
??????) Negative Interrogative subject and
predicate (in the present time) ????? is, am,
are ??"?" ? not ?? "???" (????) ?????? Is
not the cinema the most potential medium? ?????
??????? ???? ????? ??? ?
53
??????? ?????? ?????? (????? ??????)
(Affirmative subject and predicate (in the Past

• The war in Iraq was illegal
• ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????
• The teachers were happy with the results of the
  last academic year
• ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????????
  ??????.

54
??????? ?????? ?????? (????? ????????)
Affirmative subject and predicate (in the
Future) ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????
???????? will be, shall be ??? ??????? ?? ??????
???????? ????????? would be, should be ?? ??????
??? ???????. ??? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ???????
???????? "????? ?????? ??? ????" ??? ????????
?????? ????? ????????? ????. ??????? The
apostle will be a witness against you ????
?????? ????? ?????.
55
??????? ?????? ?????? (????? ????????)
Affirmative subject and predicate (in the Future)

• The apostle will be a witness against you
• ???? ?????? ????? ?????

56
??? ??????? Noun of Eminence

• ??? ??????? ??????? The Comparative
• Baroodi is greater than hafiz in poetry
• ???????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????????
• India is bigger than Pakistan in territory and
  population
• ????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????

57
??? ??????? ?????? Superlative

• The largest volcano in Asia has erupted for the
  second time in the month
• ????? ???? ??????/ ???? ????????/ ??????? ??????
  ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????
• No doubt he is the greatest personality in the
  modern literary movement.
• ?? ?? ??? ???? ?????/ ???? ????????/ ???????
  ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????

58
?????? ?????? ?????? Affirmative Past Perfect

• I had written the letter before he arrived
• ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?????
• He Stated that India had lost a true friend who
  did much to promote Indo-soviet ties
• ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????
  ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????????
•  

59
?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? Affirmative Past
Perfect Continuous

• The experts had already visited the United States
  and discussions had been continuing here also in
  the last few days
• ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????
  ????????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????

60
??????? ?????? ?????? Affirmative Present
Perfect

• The management has also advised the workmen to
  call off the strike
• ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????

61
??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? Affirmative
Present Perfect Continuous

• It has been raining since 10 o'clock this morning
  
• ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????

62
???????? ?????? ?????? Affirmative Future
Indefinite

• The OPEC will continue to strive for a stable oil
  market which it believes will be beneficial
• ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????
  ???? ???? ?????

63
???????? ?????? ?????? Negative Future
Indefinite

• The world will never see anything like the status
  of the ancient Egyptians
• ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????

64
????? ??????? Passive Verb

• Tajmahal was built by Shahjahan
• ???? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ???? / ????? ????.

65
?????? ??????? ???? The Construct Case

• ???? ??????? ?? ?????????? ????? ??? ???????? of
  ??? ???????? ????? ????? (?) apostrophe ??? (S)
  ?? ?????? ?????? ??? (S) ?? ?????? ????? ???
  ????? ??? ??? ????? ?? Juxta position. ??? ??
  ??????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? "???" ???????? ????
  ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ????
  ??????. ?????? ????? ???? ??? of ????? ??? ?????
  the ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????
  of.
• ???????
• The government of India approved a scheme for
  setting up of a centre
• ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????.

66
???? Dr. N. Shamnad Dept. of Arabic,
University College, Thiruvananthapuram Visit us
at http//www.arabicuniversitycollege.yolasite.co
m