Checkpoint Answers

1
Checkpoint Answers

• Test 3
• Chapters 10, 11, 12

2
Chapter 10 Checkpoint 1

• 1. Match the type of receptor with the stimulus
  that would activate it. 
• e 1.  nociceptors a. smell of pizza 
• c 2.  mechanoreceptors  b. a refreshing cold
  drink 
• d 3.  photoreceptors   c. a pat on the back 
• b 4.  thermoreceptors  d. seeing an old
  friend 
• a 5.  chemoreceptors  e. burning your mouth 
• 2. Which of the following is NOT a cutaneous
  receptor? A. muscle spindle B. touch
  receptorC. heat receptor D. pain receptor
• 3. _Phasic_ receptors adapt rapidly to maintained
  stimuli, _tonic__ receptors undergo slow
  adaptation. 
• 4. Damage to cutaneous receptors would limit the
  ability to detect all of the following
  except A. pain. B. thermal sensations.C. bod
  y position. D. touch.

3
Checkpoint 2

• 1. The capsaicin receptor serves as both an ion
  channel and a receptor for the molecule in chili
  peppers that causes sensations of __heat___ and
  ___pain____.
•  2. Areas of the skin with small receptive fields
  would have a greater sensory acuity. T
• 3. Sensations are sharpened via A. two-point
  discrimination.B. adaptation.C. lateral
  inhibition.D. phantom limb

4
Checkpoint 3

• 1. Specialized cells on the tongue that
  distinguish salty, sour, sweet, meaty, or bitter
  flavors are called _taste_ _cells_.
• 2. Damage to cranial nerve ___VII____ would limit
  the ability to taste sweet substances. 
• 3. Where is the primary gustatory
  cortex? A. postcentral gyrus of the parietal
  lobe B. prefrontal cortexC. temporal
  lobe D. insula
• 4. Information obtained via _olfaction__ is
  transmitted directly to the limbic system. 

5
Checkpoint 4

• 1. The structures that function in equilibrium
  are known as the _vestibular__ __apparratus__.
• 2. As the endolymph in the semicircular canals
  bends the cupula, the stereocilia are
  stimulated. T
• 3. The cupula is part of the _semicurcular___
  _canals_.
• 4. Vertigo occurs due to activation of
  the A. utricle. B. semicircular
  canals.C. saccule. D. cochlea.
• 5. Which of the following structures are
  important to the maintenance of balance and
  equilibrium? A. eyes B. proprioceptors from
  joints and musclesC. vestibular
  apparatusD. All of the choices are important.

6
Checkpoint 5

• 1. The hertz is a measure of __frequency___.
• 2. List the auditory ossicles. _malleus_
  _incus__ __stapes___ 
• 3. The scala vestibuli of the cochlea is filled
  with A. endolymph. B. perilymph.C. ectolymph.
  D. mesolymph.
• 4. A greater bending of the stereocilia will
  increase the frequency of action potentials and
  will be perceived as a louder sound. T
• 5. Which of the following is the correct neural
  pathway for hearing? A. vestibulocochlear nerve,
  inferior colliculus, medulla oblongata, thalamus,
  temporal lobeB. vestibulocochlear nerve,
  medulla oblongata, inferior colliculus, thalamus,
  temporal lobeC. vestibulocochlear nerve,
  thalamus, inferior colliculus, medulla oblongata,
  temporal lobeD. None of the choices is correct.

7
Checkpoint 6

• 1. Sympathetic stimulation is responsible for
  pupil _dilation___ in __dim__ light. 
• 2. Fluid in the anterior chamber is _aqueous__
  _humor___.
• 3. The bending of light as it passes through
  different media is called _refraction__.
• 4. An object is projected on the retina _upside_
  _down_ and _backward_.
• 5. Myopia is considered _nearsightedness__.
  Hyperopia is considered __farsightedness ___.

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Checkpoint 7

• 1. _Bipolar cells__ in the retina connect
  photoreceptors and ganglion cells. 
• 2. Retinaldehyde (retinal) is derived from 
  _vitamin A__.
• 3. Which of the following is NOT a type of
  cone? A. red B. blueC. yellow D. green
• 4. Each cone communicates with only one ganglion
  cell while many rods communicate with one
  ganglion cell. T
• 5. The receptive field affected by cones is much
  smaller than the receptive field of rods. T

9
Chapter 11 Checkpoint 1

• 1. Endocrine glands secrete their products into
  ducts. (T/F)
• 2. Responsiveness of cells to hormones is
  determined by the presence or absence of specific
  hormone receptor proteins. (T/F)
• 3. Molecules secreted by endocrine glands that
  are inactive until changed by their target cells
  are called _prehormones__.
• 4. When two or more hormones work together to
  produce a particular result, their effects
  are A. permissive. B. antagonistic.C. synergis
  tic. D. inhibitory.

10
Checkpoint 2

• 1. Thyroid hormones bind to receptors
  which A. activate tyrosine kinase.B. regulate
  gene transcription.C. stimulate production of
  cyclic AMP.D. stimulate production of
  diacylglycerol.
• 2. Steroid hormone receptors may be found in the
  _cytoplasm and/or nucleus_.
• 3. Both the anterior and posterior pituitary are
  regulated by the hypothalamus. (T/F)
• 4. _ADH__ and _oxytocin__ are secreted by the
  posterior pituitary gland.

11
Checkpoint 3

• 1. What is the precursor molecule for the three
  types of adrenal cortex hormones? A. vitamin
  A B. vitamin KC. adenosine D. cholesterol
• 2. Which of the following is NOT a response of
  the body to stress? A. increased secretion of
  ACTHB. increased secretion of glucocorticoidsC.
   increased immune responseD. increased secretion
  of epinephrine and norepinephrine
• 3. What are the stages of the GAS? 1. Alarm
  2. Resistance 3. Exhaustion

12
Checkpoint 4

• 1. A(n) __goiter___ is an abnormal growth of the
  thyroid gland due to an iodine deficiency.
•  
• 2. An individual with bulging eyes may A. be
  secreting inadequate thyroid hormone.B. be
  secreting excessive thyroid hormone.
• 3. What element is necessary for production of
  thyroxine? _iodine__
• 4. Calcitonin and PTH are antagonistic
  hormones. (T/F)
• 5. The pancreas secretes hormones involved in
  regulation of _blood_
• _glucose_ levels.
• 6. Daylight causes stimulation of the pineal
  gland to release melatonin.(T/F) 

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Checkpoint 5

• 1. Molecules that are produced within one tissue
  but regulate a different tissue of the same organ
  are called _paracrine__ _factors__
• 2. The same prostaglandin may produce different
  effects in different tissues. (T/F)
•  
• 3. All of the following are considered
  nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
  except A. aspirin. B. celecoxib
  (Celebrex).C. acetaminophen (Tylenol). D. rofeco
  xib (Vioxx).

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Chapter 12 Checkpoint 1

• 1. The origin is the point of muscle attachment
  that is most stationary.  T
• 2. The epimysium surrounds the individual muscle
  cells.  F
• 3. The light band of a skeletal muscle is known
  as the 
• _I-band_.
• 4. The specialized region of the sarcolemma at
  the neuromuscular junction is called the motor
  end plate.
• 5. Somatic motor neurons release the
  neurotransmitter _ACh__ at the neuromuscular
  junction. 

15
Checkpoint 2

• 1. What muscle structural and functional unit
  runs from Z disc to Z disc? A. A band B. I
  bandC. sarcomere D. myofibril
• 2. What protein primarily makes up the thick
  filament? _myosin___
• 3. What protein primarily makes up the thin
  filament? _actin__
• 4. Cross-bridge formation occurs when _myosin_
  heads attach to _actin__ molecules located in the
  thin filaments. 
• 5. The movement of the troponin-tropomyosin
  complex, which ultimately leads to skeletal
  muscle contraction, requires  _Ca2_.

16
Checkpoint 3

• 1. The inability of muscle cells to relax due to
  high frequency stimulation is termed _complete
  tetanus_.
• 2. When a muscle cell generates tension but does
  not shorten, a(n) _isometric_ contraction occurs.
• 3. A muscle contraction against a resistance that
  is greater than the force and causes muscle
  lengthening is a(n) _eccentric_ contraction
• 4. A shortening of the muscle that occurs when
  the tension is greater than the load is
  a(n) _concentric__ contraction
• 5. The series elastic component of muscles is
  provided by _tendons__

17
Checkpoint 4

• 1. Skeletal muscles at rest obtain most of their
  energy from the aerobic respiration
  of A. glucose. B. protein.C. fatty
  acids. D. glycogen.
• 2. Repaying the oxygen debt requires replacing
  oxygen that was A. bound to blood hemoglobin and
  muscle myoglobin.B. needed to metabolize lactic
  acid.C. used for tissue warm up.D. All of the
  choices are correct.
• 3. Fast twitch fibers have the greatest
  resistance to fatigue.  F
• 4. Slow twitch fibers have a _high_ oxidative
  capacity and _low__ glycogen content. 
• 5. Endurance training increases the oxidative
  capacity of a muscle cell. T

18
Checkpoint 5

• 1. Lower motor neurons are found in the lower
  part of the brain. (T/F)
• 2. Alpha motoneurons innervate A. nuclear chain
  fibers. B. nuclear bag fibers.C. extrafusal
  fibers. D. intrafusal fibers.
• 3. A crossed-extensor reflex demonstrates double
  reciprocal innervation. (T/F)
• 4. Shaking of limbs at rest that disappears
  during voluntary movement due to damage to the
  basal nuclei is called A. chorea. B. resting
  tremor.C. intention tremor. D. spastic
  paralysis.
• 5. Damage to upper motor neurons would be
  indicated by all of the following
  except A. spastic paralysis. B. chorea.C. inte
  ntion tremor. D. flaccid paralysis.

19
Checkpoint 6

• 1. Cardiac action potentials usually originate in
  _pacemaker__ cells. 
• 2. In cardiac muscle, calcium ions are released
  from the sarcoplasmic reticulum due to direct
  interaction with the voltage-gated Ca2 channels.
  F 
• 3. Calcium that is needed to activate
  cross-bridging in smooth muscle mainly comes
  from A. endoplasmic reticulum. B. extracellular
  fluid.C. intracellular fluid. D. dense
  bodies.
• 4. Calcium that is needed to activate
  cross-bridging in skeletal muscle mainly comes
  from  (I changed this one!!)A. endoplasmic
  reticulum. B. extracellular fluid.C. intracellul
  ar fluid. D. dense bodies.
• 5. Neurotransmitters are released at
  neuromuscular junctions to smooth muscle cells. F