Elimination

1
Elimination

• Elimination is the process of removing waste from
  the body.
• Hubbs Pre-CNA Elimination Unit
• SP2-AP2

2
Two Elimination Systems

• The Urinary System removes liquid waste (urine)
  from the body and maintains fluid balance.
• The Gastrointestinal (Digestive) System removes
  solid waste (feces) from the body.

3
The Urinary System

• ______________
• ______________
• ______________
• _______________

4
The Digestive System
1.___________
2.______________
3._____________
4.______________
5.______________
6._____________________________
7.___________________________
8.______________
9.______________
5
Urinary System

• Topics covered
• Normal urine characteristics
• Factors affecting urinary elimination
• Urinary system changes with aging
• Urinary problems
• Urinary tract infections

6
Normal Urine

• Color Pale yellow
• Straw- colored
• Amber color
• Clarity Clear
• Particles No
• Odor Faint

7
Factors Affecting Urinary Elimination

• A healthy person produces about 1500 ccs of
  urine per day

• Age
• Disease
• Foods eaten
• Salt intake
• Body Temperature
• Perspiration
• Medication

8
Urinary System Changes With Aging

• Kidney function decreases
• Waste removal is less efficient
• Bladder muscles weaken

• Bladder size decreases holding less urine
• Prostate gland in men enlarges

9
Common Urinary Problems

• Urinary Incontinence inability to control the
  bladder.
• Urinary frequency voiding at frequent intervals
• Urinary urgency the need to void immediately
• Urinary retention the bladder does not empty
  completely

10
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)

• SYMPTOMS
• Urinary frequency
• Urgency
• Pain or burning on urination
• Blood or pus in the urine
• Foul-smelling urine
• fever

• What the CNA can do to help
• Encourage fluids
• Provide good peri-care
• Accurate observation of urine

11
Women are more susceptible to UTIs than men
because the female urethra is shorter than the
males..
Female
Male
bladder
bladder
urethra
urethra
12
Digestive (GI) System

• Topics covered
• Factors affecting bowel elimination
• Normal bowel movement observations
• Common GI disorders

13
Factors Affecting Bowel Elimination

• Privacy
• Habits
• Diet
• Fluid intake
• Activity
• Medications
• Disability
• Age

14
Bowel Movements Observations

• Observe Normal
• color brown
• consistency soft/formed/moist
• odor yes
• shape like the rectum
• size varies
• frequency varies-some people have BMs
  daily, others every 2-3 days

15
Common GI Disorders

• Fecal incontinence inability to control the
  passage of feces through the anus.
• Diarrhea frequent passage of liquid stools.
• Emesis-Vomiting is a sign of illness

• Constipation the passage of a hard, dry stool.
• Fecal impaction - a build up of feces in the
  rectum.

16
Enemas

• Enemas (the placing of fluid into the rectum to
  soften and remove stool) can be used to relieve
  constipation and fecal impaction.

17
Elimination Equipment
18
Male Urinal

• Bedridden men (not women) use to urinate.

19
Incontinence Products

• Incontinence products help keep the persons skin
  dry.

20
Standard Bedpan

• Bedridden women use for urinating and defecating.
• Bedridden men use for defecating.

21
Fracture Bedpan

• Fracture pans are used for persons with
• Casts
• Limited back motion or spinal cord injury
• Surgery
• Hip fracture or replacement surgery
• Painful joints

22
Commode

• A commode is a chair or wheelchair with an
  opening for bedpan or container.
• It allows for normal sitting positioning for
  elimination.

23
Urinary Catheters

• Also called a FOLEY
• A tube inserted into the bladder to drain urine.
• Can promote comfort and prevent skin breakdown
  for person with urinary incontinence.