Generation and management of waste

1
Generation and management of waste statistics
and accounts
2
What are waste accounts?

• Physical waste accounts are physical accounts of
  waste generation and waste management in which
  quantities of generated/treated waste are
  cross-classified by economic activity and waste
  type (category) and combined with activity
  specific economic information.
• Monetary waste accounts show the economic
  transactions associated with the income generated
  by the provision of waste management services and
  sales of recyclable/recoverable waste material,
  and the intermediate and final consumption
  expenditure on waste management services and
  purchase of recyclable/recoverable waste products
  in monetary terms.
• This presentation focuses on physical waste
  accounts.

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Why waste accounting?

• Waste accounts enable waste flows to be traced
  through the economy, from generation to final
  disposal.
• The construction of solid waste accounts allows
  waste statistics to be placed in a broader
  context with economic data in both physical and
  monetary terms.
• Integrated waste accounts enable identification
  of the socio-economic drivers, pressures, impacts
  and responses that affect the environment.
• They provide indicators that express the
  relationship between the environment and the
  economy.

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Definition of solid waste

• Solid waste covers discarded materials that are
  no longer required by the owner or user.
• This definition includes materials that are in
  solid or liquid state but excludes wastewater and
  emissions to the air.
• Materials that are directly recycled at the unit
  that generated them (internal recycling) are
  excluded.

5
Distinction between residual and product flows of
solid waste

• Where the unit discarding the materials receives
  no payment for the materials then the flow is
  considered a residual flow of solid waste.
• Where the unit discarding the material receives
  a payment but the actual residual value of the
  material is small, for example in the case of
  scrap metal sold to a recycling firm, this flow
  is considered a product flow of solid waste.
• Discarded materials sold as second hand products
  for example the sale of a second hand car of
  furniture should be treated as flows of
  products and not treated as solid waste. In the
  determination of whether a material is second
  hand product, consideration may be given to the
  extent to which the receiving unit can use the
  product again for the same purpose for which it
  was conceived.

6
Economy environment boundary

• Waste accounting follows a strict distinction
  between the economy and the environment, and
  flows within the economy and between the economy
  and the environment.

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Resident principle

• Waste statistics usually include all waste
  generated within the boundaries of the country.
• Waste accounts apply the resident principle of
  national accounts, e.g. refer to all sources of
  waste that take part in an economy of a country
  whether operating within the national territory
  or abroad. This means adding waste generation by
  residents operating abroad and deduct waste
  generated by non-residents in the national
  territory.

8
Classification of solid waste

• There is no standard international statistical
  classification of solid waste.
• The European List of Wastes and its statistical
  version have been developed for use in the EU
  waste regulation and for statistical reporting by
  EU member (and some other) countries.
• In practice, in many countries, statistics on
  solid waste will be based on legal or
  administrative lists of materials determined to
  be solid wastes. However, the definition and the
  principles described in the previous slide should
  provide the a basis for measurement of solid
  waste in countries where legal and administrative
  processes concerning waste do not exist or are
  limited in scope.
• The SEEA-CF uses for illustrative purposes an
  indicative listing of types of solid waste based
  on the European Waste Classification
  Statistical version (EWC-Stat).

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Classification of economic activities

• The economic activities that supply (generate)
  and use (treat) waste are classified according to
  International Standard Industrial Classification
  of All Economic Activities (ISIC) (Europe NACE)

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The structure of the solid waste accounts

• The structure of the solid waste accounts follows
  the logic of a supply and use table.
• For each row of the supply and use table the
  following identity holds
• total supply total use

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The physical supply table

• The physical supply table shows the supply of
  solid waste generated by industries (classified
  by ISIC) and households. It also shows the supply
  of solid waste from the rest of the world
  (recorded as imports) and also solid waste
  recovered from the environment (for example, oil
  recovered following an oil spill and moved to the
  economy for treatment).
• The supply of solid waste in the economy is
  expressed as mass (1000 tons).
• While the upper half of the supply table shows
  the generation of solid waste residuals, the
  bottom part shows the generation of solid waste
  products, by waste type.

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The columns and rows of the physical supply
table

• The columns of the physical supply table
• Generation of solid waste by
• Waste collection, treatment and disposal industry
  (by treatment activity)
• Other industries (e.g. agriculture, mining,
  manufacturing, construction, services)
• Households
• Rest of the world imports of solid waste
• Flows from the environment residuals recovered
  from the environment
• TOTAL SUPPLY
• The rows of the physical supply table
• Solid waste residuals by waste type
• Solid waste products by waste type

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The physical use table

• The physical use table highlights the various
  activities within the waste collection, treatment
  and disposal industry. These are landfill
  operation, incineration of solid waste (of which
  incineration to produce energy is separately
  identified), recycling and reuse activities, and
  other treatment of solid waste. Other treatments
  include the use of physical-chemical processes,
  the use of mechanical-biological processes, and
  the storage of radioactive waste. More industry
  detail may be produced depending on analytical
  needs and available information.
• It also shows the similar activities undertaken
  by other industries as secondary or own-account
  production.
• It also shows the shows the flow of solid waste
  to the rest of the world as exports and the flow
  of solid waste direct to the environment.

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The physical use table (continued)

• The use of solid waste in the economy is
  expressed as mass (1000 tons).
• While the upper half of the use table shows the
  use (collection and disposal) of solid waste
  residuals, the bottom part shows the use of solid
  waste products, by waste type.

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The columns and rows of the physical use table

• The columns of the physical use table
• Intermediate consumption collection of residuals
• Waste collection, treatment and disposal industry
• Landfill
• Incineration
• Total
• Of which incineration to generate energy
• Recycling and reuse
• Other treatment
• Other industries
• (Final consumption Households)
• Use by the rest of the world exports of waste
• Flows to the environment (direct disposal to the
  environment)
• TOTAL USE
• The rows of the physical use table
• Solid waste residuals by waste type
• Solid waste products by waste type

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Flows of solid waste products

• As it was shown, in the second part of the
  supply table, Generation of solid waste
  products and in the second part of the use
  table, Use of solid waste products, the flows
  of solid waste that are products rather than
  residuals are recorded, following the distinction
  described earlier. The flows recorded here relate
  to cases when a solid waste product is identified
  at the time of disposal by the discarding unit.
• The flows recorded in the second part of the
  supply table are matched by the use of solid
  waste products in the second part of the use
  table. Sales of scrap metal would be recorded in
  this way.

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Statistics needed for the physical waste accounts

• Generation of waste by waste type, by economic
  activity and by treatment and disposal
• Exports and imports of waste by waste type,
  treatment and disposal
• Recovery of waste from the environment for
  treatment

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Sources of data

• Waste inventories, waste surveys, household
  surveys
• Usually not cover all sources and all waste
  types, not cover information on treatment and
  disposal
• Surveys of the Waste collection, treatment and
  disposal industry
• Usually not cover information on origin
• International trade statistics
• Not cover information on treatment and disposal
• Therefore a significant amount of estimation and
  modeling is required to provide the data and
  reorganize them according to the accounting
  principles.

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• Thank you for your attention