Intellectual Awakening

1
Intellectual Awakening
2
Zenith Reached under Harun al-Rashid and
al-Mamun
3
Hellenistic SourcesIno-PersianSyrianPersianSan
skritSyriacGreek
4
Translation into Syriac and Later ArabicHunayn
Ibn Ishaq (809-873)Practical PhysicianGreek to
SyriacTranslated Galen, Hippocrates, Platos
Republic, Aristotles Categories and Physics,
Seven Books of Galens Anatomy500 Gold Pieces a
Month plus the weight of each bookSons
Translated in Arabic
5
Mathematicsal-Mamun Created the House of
WisdomLength of Solar YearProcession of the
EquinoxesMeasured the Length of a
DegreeRoundness of the EarthSize and
Circumference
6
Al-KharizmiAstronomical Tables on Indian
WorksGreek and Indian System of AstronomyAdded
His Own ObservationsWork Revised in Spain and
Translated into Latin by Abelard of Bath (c.
1126) in ToledoNumbers from IndiaTextbook on
Algebra (al-Jabr)
7
IndiaFables to instruct Princes by means of
Animal TalesChess
8
MedicineIbn BakhtishuNestorian Syrian
ChristianCured Stomach Problem of Al-MansurA
Family Affair for Six GenerationsHospitals Were
Modeled on Persian HospitalsSchools of Medicine
AttachedEye DiseasesEarliest Book by Hunayn Ibn
Isaq
9
Al-RaziEstablished HospitalPut Out
MeatDistinction Between Measles and
SmallpoxWrote an Encyclopedia on
MedicineTranslated into Latin in 1279Used as a
Textbook
10
Al-MajusiPersian andZorastrianWrote Book on
MedicineMaterial on Capillary SystemDelivery of
a Child
11
Ibn Sina (980-1070) AvicennaPhysician,
Philologist, Scientist, PoetAl-QanunCodification
of the Entire Greco-Arabic Medical
ThoughtContagious Nature of TuberculosisSpreadin
g of Disease by Soil and WaterTranslated in
Latin by Gerard of Cremona in 12thGradually
Displaced the Works of Galen, Al Razi and Al
MajusiDuring 1400s Passed Through 15 Latin
EditionsIn the East until th 19th Century
12
Ibn al-KhatibGranadaTheory of InfectionAl
Zahrawi CordovaCaherized Wounds, Crushed Stones
Inside the Bladder
13
Latin Translation Used for Centuries as Manuals
for Surgery in Slaerno and MontpelierOxford as
late as 1778
14
Al-Tabari (838-923)15 Volumes of HistoryAl
Masudi (d. 956)Traveled Everywhere Wrote Topica
History30 VolumesDry Land had been SeasWrote
Geographical WorksChinese Used Fingerprints as
Signatures
15
Al-KindiCombine the Views of Plato and
AristotlePhysical Optics, Physics, and
MusicInfluenced Roger Bacon
16
Ibn Rushd (Avorroes) 1126-1198 CEGreatest
Aristotelian Philosopher of IslamUsing the Works
of Aristotle in Baghdad Arabic TranslationMade
Work Palatable to His Reading AudienceCommentarie
s Were Rendered From Hebrew into LatinCordoba
and SevilleAstronomer and PhysicianWrote on
Principles of Immunity in Cases of
SmallpoxExplained the Function of the Retina
17
Ibn Rushd was a RationalistSubject Knowledge
Except Revealed Dogma of Faith to the Judgment of
ReasonNot a Free Thinker Nor a NonbelieverNot
Hampered by a Centralized Ecclesiastical Authority
18
Arab Thinkers from Al-Kindi Down Through Ibn
Rushd were More Free Than Their Christian
Counterparts to Work Toward Harmonizing And
Reconciling Traditional Religious Beliefs With
The Results of Scientific Research and
Rationalistic Thinking.
19
Maimonides (1135-1165)Jewish Contemporary of Ibn
RushdCordobaInvited to Cairo by SaladinCourt
PhysicianBuried in TiberiasInfluenced
EuropeansAlbertus Magnus, Spinoza, and Kant
20
Islamic LawTook Shape During Early Abbasid
Period Eventually Developed This of Law called
the ShariahShariah Considered to Be Gods
Eternal Set of Rules and Governs All Aspects of a
Pious Muslims LifeShariah Covers Everything
from Criminal Law to Rules of WorshipIdeal True
LawAdatLocal Custom
21
Sources of the LawQuaran Only a few Legal
RulesSunnah Tradition Based On The
HadithsQivas Conclusions by Analogical
ReasoningIjma Whatever the Ulama Agree Emerge
InformallyRay Personal Judgment was important
to Early Islamic Judges Came to be Rejected by
Sunni Scholars
22
Abbasids Posture as a Truly Islamic Religious
State Required the Appointment of Specialist in
Religious Law as Judges Which Enabled a
Theoretical Body of Law to take on the
Characteristic of a Law Code for the First Time.
23
The Hanafite School of LawIman Abu Hanifa Born
in Iran about 699Opposed the Umayyads Later
Opposed the AbbasidsDied in Prison in 767
CEHalf of the Sunnis Emphasized Analogy and he
Principle of Equity which is based on Natural
lawMost tolerant of the Legal Schools of
IslamOttoman Turks, India, Afghanistan, and
Central Asia
24
The Malikite School of LawMalik Ibn Asnas of
Medina (715-795 CE)Codified Some 1700 Legal
TraditionsIntroduced the Formula of Consensus
for the First TimeMore Conservative Than The
Hanafite School All of North Africa except for
Egypt
25
The Shafiite School of LawBetween the
Conservatives and the LiberalsMuhammad Ibn Idris
Al-Shafii (767-820 CE)QurayshLived in Baghdad
and CairoInfluenced all SchoolsCritical
Examination of the HadithIndonesia, Egypt, East
Africa, and Lebanon
26
The Hanbalite School of LawAhmad Ibn Hanbal
(780-855 CE)Islamic FundamentalismRejected
Consensus, Analogy, Private JudgmentEverything
outside the Quran and Some HadithToo
Conservative to be PopularRejected the Validity
IjmaOpposed to Theological Speculation
27
JaFari School of LawImami School of Shiia
Most ImportantRejects Consensus, Analogy,
Private JudgmentHidden Imam is the True Head of
StateRules Through His Spokesmen the
MujtahidsMujtahids Are The Interpreters of the
Will of the ImamThere are Usually Three or Four
of these Mujtahids at a TimeConsensus of the
Community to Be Learned, Pious, and Qualified to
Issue a FatwaFatwa are Binding on the
FaithfulShiite Twelvers follow This School
28
The Ismaili School of LawSon of the Sixth
ImamOnly One SpokesmanConservative or as
Liberal as the LeaderAga Khan (1877-1957)Karim
KhanIndia, Iran, East Africa
29
Zadi School of IslamSon of the Fourth ImamDo
Not Believe in the Hidden ImamClose to Sunni
BeliefYaman
30
Until the 10th Religious Scholars Claimed the
Right to Exercise IjtihadStriving for Truth
Which Meant Continuous Rethinking the
RulesLearned Muslim Scholars Could Reinterpret a
Hadith or a Passage in the Quran or to Apply
Analogy in Different Ways
31
(No Transcript)