New Wave of Exploration

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New Wave of Exploration
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The Age of Exploration

• Causes of Exploration
• Many nations wanted to find a new route over
  water to Asia
• Land took too long
• Avoid fees charged by Italian merchants
• Growth of Ottoman Empire disrupted trade routes
• Colonies used as sources of raw materials
  markets for goods
• 3 Gs
• God
• Glory
• Gold
• 1st Portugal (trade)
• 2nd Spain (colonization)

advances in exploration technology Open-water
sailing required training in navigation,
accurate maps, good ships Compass
Astrolabe Cartographers became more
accurate Triangle shaped sails (Arabs) Multiple
sails Began to carry rifles/cannons New economic
forms Mercantilism Capitalism/market economy New
business practices Joint-stock company Banks/insur
ance/bills of exchange
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Spain

• Two major goals to acquire wealth (gold) and to
  convert Native Americans to Christianity (God)
• Silver and gold were the most valuable products
  of the colonies
• Natives were forced into labor and had their
  lands confiscated
• European disease introduced and became the
  primary reason for the decrease in the native
  population

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France

• Attempted to find a northwest passage through
  America to Asia
• Sought quick profits through trade instead of
  farming
• Much of eastern Canada claimed for France
• Quebec, the first permanent French settlement in
  the Americas founded in 1608
• Jesuit missionaries sent to convert natives
• French settlement in the West Indies reeled them
  into the slave trade

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England

• English expansion began with the founding of the
  English East India Company in 1600
• Settlements founded in the Americas in 1600s
• Became involved in the West Indies and slave
  trade
• Settled Jamestown in 1607 (first permanent
  English settlement in N.A.)
• Attempted to push out natives many killed due to
  disease
• By 1765, England had emerged as the leading
  European power in N. America

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The Netherlands

• Late 1500s- wins independence from Spain
• Commerce became the key to survival
• 1602- Dutch East India company chartered
• By 1600s, had control of the Spice Island trade
• Colonies also established in North America (New
  Amsterdam) and Africa
• By 1700s, Dutch in decline and England would soon
  take over Dutch settlements

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Economics

• Triangular trade
• Europeans leave carrying manufactured goods
• In west Africa, goods traded for slaves
• In the Americas, slaves sold for sugar, cotton,
  tobacco, etc.
• Ships return to Europe to sell goods purchased in
  the Americas
• Mercantilism
• The states power depends on its wealth
• Under mercantilism, nations sought to export more
  goods than imported (balance of trade)

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The Columbian Exchange

• Europes growing population demanded more goods
  and services
• Met by increasing contact with the world
• Europe contributed to a worldwide exchange of
  people, goods, technologies, ideas, disease.
• Europe to America
• Wheat, grapes, livestock
• America to Europe
• Corn, potatoes, tomatoes, beans, chocolate,
  turkey
• Potatoes the most important
• Increase of people moving from continent to
  continent for economic or religious reasons
• Drastic decline in Native American population and
  forcible removal of Africans to the Americas
  revealed the disruptive effect of European
  expansion

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• Negative Effects
• Exchange of diseases
• Smallpox, measles, typhus
• Impact on Natives
• New World civilizations were almost entirely
  destroyed by disease colonization
• Diaspora of Africans b/c of slavery resulted in
  damage to African culture dominance of Africa
  by Europeans for 500 years
• Slavery became the dominant labor force in the
  Americas
• 1st Native Americans
• 2nd Africans
• Native American death toll at least 40
  million
• Africans taken as slaves at least 12 million