Student Presentation

1
Student Presentation

• Time10/20,10/23 and 10/27
• Topic Any things related to History of Medicine
• Grouping 5-8/group, on volunteer basis
• The topic and list of each group and the name(s)
  of presenter should be submitted before 10/17 by
  Email to
• yuhai_at_zju.edu.cn
• Each presentation should be less than 10 with
  ppt, followed by 5 discussion.

2
?????(3) A Brief History of Medicine

• Yu Hai
• Zhejiang University School of Medicine
• yuhai_at_zju.edu.cn

3
What is Medicine??????

• Medicine is the art and science concerned with
• the maintenance of health and the
• prevention, alleviation or cure
  of disease
• (Encyclopedia
  Britannica)
• Medicine is the most humane of sciences, the
  most
• empiric of arts, the most
  scientific of the
• humanities
• (Edmund
  Pellegrino)

4
The Origin of Medicine

• ???? Prehistoric Medicine
• ????? mythology and legends
• ???? archeological discovery

5
Prehistoric Medicine myths and legends
Asclepius  is the god of medicine and healing in
ancient  Greek,love child of  Apollo and Coronis.
His mother was killed for being unfaithful to
Apollo but the unborn child was rescued from her
womb. Asclepius means "to cut open. Daughters H
ygeia (hygiene)  and Panacea ("all-healing")
Aesculapius God of Medicine and healing
6
Prehistoric Medicine myths and legends
Apollo carried the baby to the Centaur Chiron who
raised Asclepius and instructed him in the art of
medicine Chiron-chirurgeon -surgeon
7
Prehistoric Medicine myths and legends

• The rod of Asclepius
• It symbolizes the healing arts by
  combining the serpent, which in shedding
  its skin is a symbol of rebirth and fertility
  with the staff, a symbol of authority befitting
  the god of Medicine. 

Daughters Hygeia (hygiene)  and
Panacea ("all-healing")
One day Aesculapius killed a snake, but another
snake emerged carrying an herbal leaf in his
mouth it placed the leaf on the head of the dead
snake, which miraculously revived. The serpent
became Aesculapius constant companion. 
8
caduceus
Caduceus
Hermes- son of Zeus and Maia, God of messenger
(Mercury)
9
Prehistoric Medicine myths and legends

• God of Chinese Medicine-Shennong (Divine Farmer)
  - ???(??Yan Emperor)
• lived some 5,000 years ago, considered to be the
  father of Chinese agriculture,
• He is said to have tested hundreds of herbs to
  find their medical value.

10
?????????Prehistoric Medicine myths and legends

• ?? Huangdi(Yellow Emperor) (2497 BC-2398 BC)
• is considered in Chinese Mythology to be the
  ancestor of all Han Chinese
• Descendants of Yan Yellow Emperors (????,Yan
  Huang Zi Sun,means Chinese)
• Among his many accomplishments, Huangdi has been
  credited with the invention of the principles of
  Traditional Chinese Medicine

Gongsun Xuanyuán (????).
11
Prehistoric Medicine myths and legends

• Qibo ??-????(medicine, the study of Qi and
  Huang)
• Qibo is said as the minister of Huangdi,
  Hangdineijin is the a book comprising the
  dialogues regarding medicinal problems between
  Huangdi and Qibo.
• Qibo might actually have been Hippocrates-accordin
  g to sinologist Paul Unschuld
• Tongjun ?? Minister of Huangdi, practitioner and
  pharmacist (Tongjun Hill)

? ?
? ?
12
Prehistoric Medicine-archeological discovery

• The Hemudu (???) culture  (5000 BC to 4500 BC)
  was a Neolithic culture in Yuyao, Zhejiang
• Animal part (shells of pangolin, turtle shell)
  and plant seeds , camphor leaves which are still
  used for traditional medicine were discovered in
  the Hemudu relics

Reptile
13
Stone age mans medicine
The mummified body of iceman was discovered in
the Tyrolean Alps in Northern Italy in 1991. In
his possessions a birch fungus, Piptoporus
betulinus was found, which contains oils that are
toxic to certain parasites, thus acting as a form
of natural drug. in the man's colon the eggs of
a parasitic whipworm (Trichuris trichiura)
Iceman lived in 5300 years ago stone age The
fungus may be used as natural medicine
14
Prehistoric Medicine-archeological discovery

• Stone and bone needles were discovered considered
  to be used as acupuncture

(?-? metal needle ?-?,stone needle ?-?,bamboo
needle)
15
mammoth
16
trephination ????? (Peru)
17
Excavated in Dawenkou Shandong, China ???????
(Neolithic age 5000 year ago, occipital bone )
18
?????(???) Trephination (7000-3000B.C.
Neolithic period)
for both medical reasons (epileptic
 seizures, migraines and mental disorders
and mystical practices by letting evil spirits
escape done by wizard
19
Prehistoric Medicine-Trephination

• Trepanation is surgery in which a hole is drilled
  into the human skull to treat epidural and
  subdural hematomas 

18th Century French
1497
20
Prehistoric medicine-witch-doctor

• Prehistoric societies believed in both the
  natural and supernatural being able to variably
  cause and treat disease. It was believed
  that evil spirits could inhabit the body and
  cause illness within someone.  
• Medicine Men (witch-doctors/shamans) maintained
  the health of their tribe by gathering and
  distributing herbs, performing minor surgical
  procedures  providing medical advice and
  supernatural treatments, such as charms, spells
  and amulets  to ward off evil spirits

?? Witch-doctor
21
?????Evolution of the character ?

• ?
• ?

?wine alcohol
? witch wizard
22
??????
China

• Mesopotamia

India
Mesopotamia
Egypt
23
?????? Ancient Egypt

• 4000 B.C. Invention of hieroglyph
• 3100 B.C. First dynasty

24
?????? Ancient Egypt

• ?????(Imhotep)
• was an Egyptian polymath who served under the
  Third Dynasty king Djoser (2650 BC-2600 BC) as
  chancellor to the pharaoh and considered to be
  the first engineer, architect and physician in
  history known by name.
• The founder of Egyptian medicine and the God of
  Medicine

25
?????? Ancient Egypt

• The embalming of mummy shows highly advanced
  the knowledge of human anatomy and preservation
  technique
• Brain- sinuses ethmoidal

26
?????? Ancient Egypt
CT scanning for mummy of Tutankhamun to find the
cause of death (gangrene  after breaking his
left leg )
Tutankhamun (13411323 BC)
27
?????? Ancient Egypt

• 2000-1500 BC ?? (Papyrus)??
• The Ebers papyrus (circa 1550 BC) is full of
  incantations and foul applications meant to turn
  away disease-causing demons, and also includes
  877 prescriptions.
• Edward Smith Papyrus is a textbook on surgery and
  details anatomical observations and the
  examination, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis
  of numerous ailments. It was probably written
  around 1600 BC, but is regarded as a copy of
  several earlier texts. Medical information in it
  dates from as early as 3000 BC.  Imhotep  is
  credited as the original author of the papyrus
  text.

28
?????? Ancient Egypt

• Other information comes from the images that
  often adorn the walls of Egyptian tombs and the
  accompanying inscriptions. 
• A ceremonial circumcision. In the tomb of
  Ankh-ma-hor of the 6th Dynasty (circa 2200 BC)

29
Ancient Egyptian medical instruments depicted in
a Ptolemaic period inscription on the Temple of
Kom Ombo.
A victim of Poliomyelitis with typical
polio-derived equinovarus 18th Dynasty1405-1356 BC
30
??????? Ancient Babylon

• Cradle of civilization
• 5000-4000 B.C Sumer
• 2000 B.C. Babylon
• 7th century  Islamic Sassanid Empire (Iraq)

The Hanging Garden and Tower of Babil
31
??????? Ancient Babylon

• Well developed astronomy, mathematics and
  medicine
• The most extensive Babylonian medical text,
  however, is the Diagnostic Handbook written by
  the physician Esagil-kin-apli,
• If a patient could not be cured physically, the
  Babylonian physicians often relied on exorcism to
  cleanse the patient from any curses.

???? cuneiform (arrowheaded characters
wedge-shaped characters)
32
??????? Ancient Babylon

• Code of Hammurabi (the sixth Babylonian
  king1792-1750 B.C) contained 282 laws,law 215240
  is concerned about physicians, barbers and
  architect etc.

Louvre Museum in Paris discovered in 1901
33
?????? Ancient India

• Indus Valley Civilization back to c.3300 BC
• Four period of ancient Indian medicine
• Veda
• Brahman
• Buddhist
• Hindu?

34
?????? Ancient India

• Indian Medicine
• vadic period 1500 BC-500 BC
• Ayurvedic period 500BC-600AD
• Islamic period 1300-1600 AD
• Western Medicine 1600 AD-
• Sanskrit

The three doshas (energy) (Vata, Pita, Kapha)
and the 5 great elements (Ether, Water, Fire,
Earth, Air) from which they are composed (Vata
airether, Pitafirewater, Kaphaearthwater).
Body constitutions are depends the proportion of
different doshas
Taj Mahal Mausoleum
35
(No Transcript)
36
?????? Ancient India

• Sushruta (Around 800 BC)  was an ancient Indian
  surgeon and is the author of the book Sushruta
  Samhita, in which he describes over 300 surgical
  procedures and 120 surgical instruments and
  classifies human surgery in 8 categories, so he
  is horned as the father of surgery.

?? Sushruta
37
??????

• Italian Gasparo Tagliacozzi
• (1546-1599)
• with skin flap from forearm

Indian rhinoplasty first developed by Sushruta
38
??????Traditional Chinese Medicine

• ???Shanhaijing,
• an encyclopedia compiled in Spring-autumn and
  warring period (770-221 BC)
• 137 drugs recorded including 76 animal drug and
  54 plant and 7 others with clear medical effects

Nipples as eye Navel as mouth
39
??????Traditional Chinese Medicine

• ????The  Huangdi Neijing (Inner Canon of
  Huangdi) compiled in warring states
  period(475-221 B.C)is the fundamental doctrinal
  source for Chinese medicine
• The work is composed of two texts each of
  eighty-one chapters or treatises in a
  question-and-answer format between Huangdi and
  his ministers.
• ?? ?? (suwen and lingshu)

40
??????Traditional Chinese Medicine

• ?????Shennong Bencaojing
• First compiled in Western Han Dynasty
  (202BC-26AD)
• This work is considered to be the earliest
  Chinese 
• pharmacopeia.
• It includes 365
• medicines derived
• from minerals,
• plants, and animals.

Changshan (Radix dichroa)-malaria Dahuang
(Chinese Rhubarb)-catharsis Huanglian (rhizoma
coptidis, berberine)-diarrhea
41
??????Traditional Chinese Medicine

• ????- ????
• Philosophical basis- Yingyang and 5 Element theory

42
??????Traditional Chinese Medicine

•  Zhang Zhongjing (???), the Hippocrates of
  China, who was mayor of Changsha toward the end
  of the 2nd century AD, wrote a  Treatise on Cold
  Damage (???), which contains the earliest known
  reference to Neijing Suwen.

??? 150-219
43
??????Traditional Chinese Medicine

• Hua Tuo (??)Eastern Han physician  (c. 140 c.
  208 AD), who anesthetized patients during surgery
  with a formula of wine and powdered hemp (???).
  Huas physical, surgical, and herbal treatments
  were also used to cure headaches, dizziness,
  internal worms, fevers, coughing, blocked throat,
  and even a diagnosis for one lady that she had a
  dead fetus within her that needed to be taken
  out. 

44
??????Traditional Chinese Medicine

•  Huangfu Mi (???),the Jin Dynasty practitioner
  and advocate of  acupuncture and moxibustion 
  (215 - 282 AD), also quoted the Yellow Emperor in
  his Zhengjiu Jiayi jing (?????), ca. 265 AD.

???(215-282)
45
??????Traditional Chinese Medicine

• Li Shizhen (???) (1518-1593 AD) created Bencao
  Gangmu. (????)It contains 1892 herbs, classified
  in 6 sections, 52 scrolls,
• and 60
• categories.

???1518-1593)
46
Origin of Medicine Egypt
Babylon India
China Greek
Rome Mediaeval
Arabia (Islamic)
Renaissance Pre-modern medicine Modern
medicine TCM
47
Thanks