Bacteria and Viruses

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Bacteria and Viruses

• Chapter 6
• Text Pages 180-215

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6-1 Why Do Scientists Classify

• Makes organisms are easier to study, easier to
  find things, easier to compare things

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Why Classify - continued

• Classification the process of grouping things
  based on their similarities

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Why Classify - continued

• Taxonomy the scientific study of how living
  things are classified

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Early Classification Systems

• Aristotle the Greek scholar was the first to
  classify (400 BC)

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Early Classification Systems

• Observed many animals and recorded their
  appearance, behavior, and movement.
• Made three groups
• Fly
• Swim
• Walk Crawl Run

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Early Classification Systems

• He used other differences to subdivide the groups
• Subdivision idea is still used today
• Not based on movement or habitat

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Classification System of Linnaeus (1750s)

• Expanded Aristotles ideas of classification
• Based on observable features
• BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE (2 name, naming system)
• Genus closely related organisms
• Species similar organisms that can mate and
  produce fertile offspring in nature

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Example

• Scientific name is Felis concolor
• Latin, Italicized, Genus is capitalized
• Common name is a Puma, Mountain lion or cougar

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Classification Today

• Theory of Evolution has changed classification
• evolutionary histories are classified more
  closely
• Other changes are due to
• Microscopic structure
• Chemical analysis
• DNA

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Levels of Classification

• Based on Aristotle and Linneaus
• Seven levels of classification
• Starts broad and gets specific
• Each group has shared characteristics
• More levels shared the more the organisms have in
  common

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Pneumonic Device to Help

• Kingdom ? King
• Phylum ? Phillip
• Class ? Came
• Order ? Over
• Family ? For
• Genus ? Great
• Species ? Spaghetti

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Human Example

• Kingdom - Animal
• Phylum - Chordata
• Class - Mammalia
• Order - Primate
• Family - Homonidae
• Genus - Homo
• Species - sapien

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The more levels the two organisms share the more
characteristics they have in common
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Using the Classification System

• Field Guides
• Books with illustrations that highlight
  differences between similar looking organisms
• Taxonomic Key
• Paired statements the describe the physical
  characteristics

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New Information not in book

• We now have 3 Domains (above Kingdom)
• Bacteria
• All bacteria, prokaryotes
• Archaea
• Prokaryotes, differ genetically and cell wall
  makeup
• Eukarya
• Cells that have a nucleus, more complex have
  membrane bound organelles

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6-2 The Six Kingdoms

• Specifics later

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Archaebacteria

• Ancient Bacteria on Earth for Billions of Years
• Might resemble early life forms

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Eubacteria

• Different chemically than Archaebacteria
• Are everywhere

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Protists

• Odds and ends kingdom
• Both plant and animal like

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Fungi
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Plants
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Animals
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6-3 Bacteria

• Discovered in 1600s on teeth scrapings by Anton
  van leeuwenhock

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Characteristics of Archaebacteria

• Prokaryotic cells
• Genetic material not contained in the
• Each cell uses energy, grows and develops,
  responds to surroundings and reproduces

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• Unicellular
• But very tiny

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• Live in EXTREME environments
• Do not use oxygen ? anaerobic

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• Autotrophs ?make own food
• Heterotrophs ?feed on others

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Example of Thermophiles

• Thermus aquaticus
• Found in Yellowstone National Park (Hot Springs)
• Boiling Sulfur Ponds (90 degrees Celsius)
• pH level 1

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Example of Methanogens

• Methanococcus janischiiwas
• Can be found in raw sewage
• Makes methane around ocean vent smokers
• Temperature 50 to 86 degrees Celsius
• 2,600 meters down

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Example of Halophiles

• Halobacterium halobium
• Found in Great Salt Lake and the Dead Sea
• Both are high salt content areas

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Kingdom 2 Eubacteria

• Characteristics
• Prokaryotic
• Unicellular
• Live EVERYWHERE!!!!!
• Autotrophs and Heterotrophs

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Examples of Eubacteria

• Staphlococcus
• Outside the body bacteria (think skin)
• Causes
• Pimples
• Blood Poisoning
• Gangrene

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• Streptococcus
• Inside the body bacteria
• Causes strep throat

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• Tuberculosis
• Lung infection
• Symptoms
• persistent cough
• Coughing up blood

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• Anthrax
• Different types
• Cutaneous
• On surface of skin
• Inhalation
• Lethal lung infection

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Viruses

• Not a Kingdom

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Characteristics

• Non-living particle
• Does not
• use energy to grow
• respond to surroundings
• Make food
• Take in food
• Produce wastes

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They need a host

• Most viruses are parasites
• Cause harm to host
• They infect all 6 kingdoms

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Virus Structure

• Two basic parts
• Outer protein coat
• Inner genetic material
• Vary in
• Shapes
• Size (but very small)

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Active Virus

• Immediately begin to multiply
• Quick death to host cell
• Example
• influenza

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Hidden Virus

• Hide for a while
• Takes time
• DNA of virus becomes part of host cells DNA
• Death to host cell
• Example
• Cold sore

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HIVHuman immunodeficiency virus

• Symptoms
• Fever
• Weight loss
• Chronic fatigue
• Treatment
• No cure
• Manage multiplication of virus

• Causes AIDS
• Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
• How Spread
• Contact with infected
• blood
• semen, vaginal fluid
• breast milk
• Four major transmission
• Unsafe sex
• Contaminated needles
• Breastfeeding
• Birth process

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HIV continued
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Herpes

• HSV-2 -causes genital herpes
• spread through secretions from the mouth or
  genitals
• HSV-1 - affects the mouth and lips
• causes cold sores or fever blisters

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HPV

• human papillomavirus
• Most common STD
• 40 different types
• In 90 of cases, the bodys immune system clears
  HPV naturally within two years.
• Other 10 can get
• Genital warts
• warts in the throat
• Cervical cancer

• Prevention
• Vaccines can protect males and females against
  some of the most common types of HPV that can
  lead to disease and cancer.