Symbiotic Relationships

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Symbiotic Relationships
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Symbiosis

• Symbiosis is a close ecological relationship
  between the individuals of two (or more)
  different species.

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Commensalism

• Commensalism is a relationship between two living
  organisms where one benefits and the other is
  neither harmed nor helped.

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Some birds live among cattle to eat the insects
stirred up as they walk. One example are egrets
who hunt for insects near a grazing animal's
mouth.
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One animal attaching itself to another for
transportation such as barnacles attach to shells
or whales or a shrimp riding on a sea slugs.
shrimp riding on a sea slug
barnacles on whales tail and clam
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One species uses a second organism for housing
such as small mammals or birds that lives in
holes in trees or orchids which live in trees.
Orchid in rainforest Venezuela
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Parasitism

• One organism, usually physically smaller of the
  two (the parasite) benefits and the other (the
  host) is harmed
• Parasitism involves one organism living on or
  inside another organism and harming it.

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Ticks and fleas that live in a host animal's fur
bite the animal and drink its blood are
parasites.
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Insects such as mosquitoes feeding on a host are
parasites.
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Vines such as Kudzu growing on Trees
   Kudzu is native to Japan and China, however
it grows well in the Southeastern United States.
Kudzu is a vine that when left uncontrolled will
eventually grow over almost any fixed object in
its proximity including other vegetation. Kudzu,
over a period of several years will kill trees by
blocking the sunlight .
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Tomato Hornworm with Wasp Eggs
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Tapeworm or Hookworms living in Host's Gut
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The roots of the Owl Clover are partly parasitic
on the roots of other desert wildflowers.
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Mutualism

• Both species benefit from the interaction.

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Clownfish Sea Anemone

• The clownfish gets food scraps from the anemone
  and uses the stinging cells of the anemone for
  protection.
• The anemone gets algal cover cleaned off by the
  clownfish and absorbs nutrients from the clown
  fishs waste.

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Flowers and their Pollinators (examples  Bees
and hummingbirds gather nectar and spread
pollen.)
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Birds and mammals eat berries and fruits while
the plant benefits by the dispersal of it seeds.
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Algae and Fungi gt Lichen - Alga gets water and
nutrients from the fungus and the fungus gets
food from the algae.
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Cleaners eat insect pests from the skin of
animals. (ex Egyptian plover cleans giraffes and
buffaloes)
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Many herbivores such as cows, sheep, deer, horses
and rabbits depend on bacteria that live in their
stomachs to break down the plant material.
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Coral Reefs- The corals get food and the algae
get protection.
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Predation

• One organism eats another (Carnivores eats
  animals.)
• One organism hunts and kills another for food.

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Symbiotic Relationships

• 1. Commensalism - one species benefits, the other
  is unaffected
• 2. Parasitism - one species benefits, the other
  is harmed
• 3. Mutualism - both species benefit
• 4. Predation - one organism eats another
• 5. Competition two organisms compete for the
  same resources