TONKAWA

1
(No Transcript)
2
Found in Central Texas, near present day, Austin
3
Tonkawa means the people of the wolf
Tonkawa people believed they descended from
wolves, so they never killed them. Here we have a
drawing of the Tonkawa Wolf Dance
4
They truly believed they were wolves

• So they lived like wolves.
• Wolves dont farm, they hunt. So Tonkawas
  hunted. They were hunter-gatherers- they hunted a
  lot of deer and buffalo. But they also fished in
  the rivers- eating fish and mussels. They also
  ate many berries and nuts they gathered.

5
Hunted with bows and arrows
6
Nomad or Sedentary?

• You know they hunted deer and buffalo, do you
  think that would make them a nomad or keep them
  sedentary? Why?
• They were nomads. They followed the herds of
  buffalo so they would always have food.

Since they were nomads, what kind of homes do you
think they had?
7
Tonkawa lived in tee pees while they followed the
buffalo.When white men came over and they
buffalo died out, they lived in wickiups and
huts. Why would they change their housing?
8
Jobs- what is going on here?
9
Tonkawa or Karankawa?
Tonkawas also tattooed their face with black ink.
Most of the time they tattooed themselves to
show respect for their dead ancestors. Because
of the tattoos white settlers confused the
Tonkawas with the Karankawas.
10
Today?
They were allies,friends, with the Karankawa,
Caddo, and Jumano and enemy of the Apache and
Comanche. So they fought against the Comanche
and Apache with the white men. They eventually
moved from Texas to a reservation in Oklahoma. In
1960 there was only 35 Tonkawa left in Oklahoma.
Today there are stories of them still being
around and trying to establish themselves.