Karbala: Aftermath and Consequences

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KarbalaAftermath and Consequences

• Dr. A.S. Hashim

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Surah Al-Fajr the 9 revealed Surah

• Surah Al-Fajr was revealed in the early weeks of
  Islamic Mission, About
• 15 years before Ramadhan became a fasting month
• 21 years before Haj was demonstrated by the
  Prophet (pbuh)
• 84 years before Karbala events took place

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Surah Al-Fajr, Tafseer
????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????
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Subjects Discussed in the Slide Show
1. Immediate Period
2. Intermediate Period
3. Long Term
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The Aftermath of Karbala
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Immediate Period of Karbala Aftermath
 

• Immediate Period after Karbala deals with
• Head of Imam Al-Husain whether in
• Karbala
• Damascus or
• Cairo
• Commemoration Held Privately, locally,
  confidentially
• Revolts
• Ibn Zubair
• Al-Tawwaboon
• Al-Mukhtar avenging for Al-Husain
• Building the Shrine

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Artist Rendering Captives to Damascus
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Intermediate Period of Karbala Aftermath
2. The Sanctuary
3. The Commemoration
1. Revolts
Karbala Aftermath
Karbala is the Centerpiece for Islam Symbolizes
the Struggle against Oppression and
Injustice Throughout all Ages
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Intermediate Period of Karbala Aftermath

• Intermediate period after Karbala
• Al-Ridha (around 202H) Makes Commemoration
  Public (Majlis in the houses)
• Destruction of Al-Husains Shrine (around 247H)
• Al-Mutawakkil By the 3rd try
• Rebuilding the shrine by al-Mun'tasir
• Commemoration
• Publicly Parading, Al-Buwayhi period (around
  375H)
• Expanding the Shrine
• Karbala as a town

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Late Period of Karbala Aftermath
 

• Up to Nowadays
• Commemoration held world wide by the Shi'a
• Asia
• Europe
• America North and South America
• Australia
• Fasting (Celebrated) by the Sunni
• Moses crossing the sea (most Sunni reports).
• Abdul Qadir Gailani (One Sunni report) claims
  events of Adam, Noah, Ibrahim, Moses, Ayyub,
  Yusuf, Yunus, Dawood, Suleiman, Jesus, and
  Husain took place then.

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The Captors to DamascusThe Head of Imam Husain
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Artist Rendering Zaiul Abideen in Yazids Court
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Immediate Period 1 (Head of al-Husain)
 

• Immediate Period after Karbala
• Head of Al-Husain, Resting Place
• Karbala at the Shrine
• Damascus Special Room in al-Masjid al-Umawi
• Cairo Al-Husains Shrine

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Masjid al-Umawi
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Masjid al-Husain Cairo, Egypt
In Cairo Egypt
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Masjid of al-Husain Cairo, Egypt
In Cairo Egypt
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Shrine of Al-Husain Karbala

• In Karbala, Iraq

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The Revolts and chasing the main Killers of Imam
Husain
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Immediate Period 2The Revolts
 

• The Revolts

1. Ibn Zubair in Hijaz Revolts against Yazid
2. Al-Tawwaboon 4 yrs after Karbala, they fight
unto death
3. Al-Mukhtar 5-6 yrs after Karbala, Kills all
if not most of the ones who fought Al-Husain,
including all the leaders Shimr, Omar ibn Saad,
and Ibn Ziyad
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Immediate Period 2 The Revolts

• Immediate Period after Karbala
• Al-Tawwaboon during Marwans Reign fight Benu
  Umayya unto death, 4,000 (Some claim 16,000)
• Al-Mukhtar avenging for Al-Husain Killing just
  about all who fought Al-Husain especially
• Omar ibn Saad
• Shimr
• Obaidullah ibn Ziyad
• Rules Iraq for more than a year during Abdul
  Maliks reign
• Al-Mukhtar builds the rudimentary Shrine for Imam
  Husain
• Houses were built around, the beginning of town
  of Karbala

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Artist Rendering Al-Mukhtar
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The Commemoration and Keeping Karbala Alive
through the AgesTo be the Glue that Holds the
Shia Together
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Immediate Period 3 (The Commemoration)
 

• Immediate Period after Karbala
• Commemoration To hold Majlis, confidential,
  local, every year, in peoples houses, was urged
  by
• Zainul Abideen,
• Al-Baaqir,
• Al-Saadiq then
• Subsequent Imams
• To Discuss the events of Karbala and the cause
  against oppression and mischief, and hold to the
  ideals of Imam Husain
• The Commemoration was a stroke of genius that
  proved to be the glue that holds the Shia
  together over the centuries

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Zainul Abideen To keep Karbala Alive

• Zainul Abideen urged people
• To visit the site of Karbala
• To observe the anniversary of Karbala
• In Sujood to touch a clean Turbah
• Used a logo  May the Killer of Al-Husain Ibn Ali
  be Debased and Defiled.
• Mention Al-Husain often, cry, and make people cry
  too, thus actively participating on behalf of
  Al-Husain

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The 4 Phases of Commemoration
The Commemorations
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The Evolution of Commemoration
2. For 174 Yrs in Public and Private Homes in the
Open
1. For 140 yrs Confidential in Private Homes only
Karbala Aftermath
3. For 600 yrs In Processions
4. For 500 yrs In Processions with Excessive
Practices
Evolution of Commemoration
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About the Commemoration

1. Zainul Abideen, Al-Baaqir, Al-Saadiq, and
   subsequent Imams had emphasized it
2. Was Confidential, in peoples houses
3. Made Public due to Al-Ridha effort around 202H,
   also in peoples houses
4. Parading in the Streets during Buwayhi rule in
   4th century Hijrah and afterwards
5. To the excessive during Safawi period
6. Even more extreme nowadays

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Karbala Keeps on

• The Culture of Karbala Keeps on and on
• Majlis and lectures
• Commemoration Mourning the occasion
• The Sanctuary Continues despite adversities by
• Al-Mutawakkil
• The Ottomans
• The Wahhabis
• Saddam Hussein

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The SanctuaryIts evolution and Progress
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The Sanctuary During the 1st 247 Years
1. No Sanctuary
2. Al-Mukhtar Structure
By 247H Al-Muntasir Rebuilds
3. Al-Saffah Dome Roof
6. Al-Mutawakkil Demolishes
4. Al-Rasheed Demolishes
5. Al-Amin Rebuilds
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The Sanctuary of Imam Al-Husain Up to 247H
65H Al-Mukhtar built a simple enclosure around the grave with a small dome.  There were two entrances to the structure.
132H A roof was built over a part of this mosque and two entrances were added by al-Saffah.
140H The roof was demolished during the reign of Khalifa al-Mansoor.
158H The roof was reconstructed during the reign of Khalifa al-Mahdi.
171H During the reign of al-Rasheed the dome and the roof were demolished and the tree which stood near the grave was cut down
193H During the reign of Khalifa al-Amin the building was reconstructed
236H ?247H The malicious al-Mutawak'kil demolished the buildings and ordered the land to be ploughed.
247H al-Mun'tasir built a roof over the grave and set up an iron pillar near it, to serve as a landmark for the visitors
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The Sanctuary During the Years 280H-780HNext
500 Years
1. By 280H A Dome and 2 roofs
2. Udh'd al-Dawla Dome Gallaries
7. 780H Jalaairi erects 2 Golden Minarets
3. Enclosure of Sepulcher
6. Jalaairi remodels dome Enclosure
4. Damaged by fire then Rebuilt
5. Nasir Deenul-Allah Rebuilds Enclosure
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The Sanctuary of Imam Al-Husain 2
280H The Alawi representative built a dome at the center, with two roofs, on either side and an enclosure with two entrances.
371H Udh'd al-Dawla rebuilt the dome with surrounding galleries and constructed an enclosure of teak wood around the grave. He also constructed houses all round the shrine and erected the boundary wall of the city. At the same time Imran ibn Shahin built a mosque adjacent to the tomb.
407H The buildings were damaged by fire and the Wazir, al-Fadi rebuilt them
620H Nasir Deen-al-Allah reconstructed the enclosure of the grave.
757H Sultan Owais Jalaairi remodeled the dome and raised the walls of the enclosure
780H Ahmad ibn Owais erected two minarets covered with gold and extended the courtyard.
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The Sanctuary During the Years 920H-1232HNext
312 Years
1. By 920H Ismail Safawi, the Tomb
2. Abbas Safawi constructs dharih
7. By 1232H Ali Shah Qajar repairs Dharih
3. Murad IV whitewashes the dome
6. Wahhabis spoil Dharih portico, loot
4. Nadir Shah decorates
5. Qajar covers the dome with gold.
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The Shrine of Imam Al-Husain 3
920H When Shah Ismail Safawi visited the shrine he built a Tomb of the inlaid work over the grave.
1032H Shah Abbas Safawi constructed the dharih (structure) of brass and bronze and decorated the dome with Kashi tiles..
1048H Sultan Murad IV, when he visited the holy shrine, whitewashed the dome.
1155H Nadir Shah visited the shrine and decorated the building and offered valuable presents to its treasury.
1211H Shah Muhammad Qajar covered the dome of the shrine with gold.
1216H Hordes of Wahhabis from Arabia attacked Karbala, spoiled the Dharih (structure) and portico and looted the shrine. In the meantime they slew 30,000 frightened inhabitants of Karbala.
1232H Fateh Ali Shah Qajar repaired the Dharih and plated them with silver. He also plated the center of the main portico with gold and repaired the damage done by the Wahhabi thieves.
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The Sanctuary During the Years 1283H-1420HNext
137 Years
1. By 1283H Qajar Extend Courtyard
5. By 1420H Saddam Hussein attacks the shrine and
massacres
2. Bohra community Enclosure solid Silver
4. Al-Khalsi extends courtyard and builds a Road
3. Bohra community rebuilt western minaret
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The Shrine of Imam Al-Husain 4
1283H Nasiruddin Shah Qajar extended the courtyard of the shrine.
1358H Taher Saif-ul Deen, of Bohra community offered a set of enclosures of solid silver which are fixed in the shrine.
1360H Taher Saif-ul Deen, of Bohra community rebuilt the western minaret
1367H Al-Khalsi, Administrator of Karbala acquired the houses in the neighborhood of the courtyard according to the price fixed by the government, to build a road around the mausoleum and to extend the courtyard
1420H Forces of Saddam Hussein attack the shrine and massacre the frightened people inside. Damage to the shrine continues to exist, though much of it was repaired by Saddam within a few years.
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Shrine of Al-Husain Karbala
In Karbala, Iraq
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Numerical Perspective (1996)

• SHIA .. .. 282 Millions
• SUNNI
• Hanafi ..... 380 Millions
• Maaliki . 305 Millions
• Shafii .. 190 Millions
• Hanbali ......... 52 Millions

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Iman (Belief)
Shia Sunni
God and His Attributes God and His Attributes
Al-Adl (Justice of God) The Angels
Prophethood The Revealed Books (Torah and Bible) The Angels Qadr Being Guided yet Free to Choose The Revealed Books (Torah and Bible)
Imamah Messengers of God
The Hereafter The Hereafter
Qadr Guided yet Free to Choose
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Rituals (Ibadat)
Shia Sunni
Salat Prayer Shahaada Declaration
Zakat Poors Due Salat Prayer
Saum Fasting Zakat Poors Due
Haj Pilgrimage Saum Fasting
Khums The Fifth Haj Pilgrimage
Jihad Major and Lesser
Enjoining to what is Good
Forbidding what is Evil
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The Tender Heart of Husain
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Ghandi about Imam Husain
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Quran Chapter 5, Verse 48
To each among you have We prescribed a Law and an open way. If God had so willed, He would have made you a single people But, His plan is to test you in what He hath given you So strive as in a race in all virtues. The goal of you all is to God it is He that will show you the truth of the matters in which ye dispute ??? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ???????
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Finally Let us Read Surah al-Asr Together
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Be in Allahs Care

• Thank you and May God Bless you.
• Dr. A.S. Hashim