Corrections

1
Corrections

• Carrying out the sentence of the decreed by the
  judicial system
• History of Corrections
• Community Corrections
• Intermediate Sanctions
• Institutional Corrections

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Colonial America (1600s-1750s)

• Punishment was public
• Punishment was corporal or capital
• Prison-like institutions existed, but were not
  used as punishment

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COPORAL PUNISHMENTS
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The Rise of the Penitentiary (1750-1800)

• William Penn
• Revised criminal code in Pennsylvania to forbid
  torture and mutilation ordered new houses of
  correction
• Walnut Street Prison (1790)
• Other states (New Jersey, New York) followed

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Walnut Street Jail and Eastern Penitentiary
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Pennsylvania vs. Auburn System

• Pennsylvania
• Western Penitentiary, Eastern Penitentiary
• Silent System
• New York
• Auburn Prison
• Congregate System
• Only difference?
• Isolation of inmates during the day

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Corrections in the 1800s

• Auburn System wins debate
• Easier to perform labor the only way to perform
  factory labor
• But, prison brutal, corporal punishment prevalent
  
• Prison building boom (1850s)
• Prison Industry
• Contract system, convict-lease, state account

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The Progressive Era through 1960s

• Weve already talked about the progressives
• 1920s
• Attacked many social ills (working conditions,
  poverty.)
• In Criminal Justice
• Rehabilitation (not punishment, penance) should
  be the goal of corrections
• Psychology/Sociology Causes
• Platform of indeterminate sentences, probation,
  parole

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Corrections from 1970 to present

• Faith in rehabilitation crushed
• Liberals justice model Conservatives punish
• 1970s deterrence
• 1980s-present deterrence/incapacitation
• Return to determinate sentencing
• 3 strikes legislation, mandatory minimums, harsh
  sentencing guidelines
• Chain gangs, strip-down prisons

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Conscience and Convenience

• Why were the first prison built?
• Revulsion of Gallows ? Penitentiaries
• Then, Correctional Facilities
• Why do we still build prisons if we no longer
  believe in rehabilitation?
• Incapacitation as the default goal of
  prisons.or convenience

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The Corrections Continuum

• Probation
• Intermediate Sanctions
• Jails
• Prisons

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Probation

• Father of Probation is John Augustus
• Formally adopted in progressive era
• Suspend sentence, in return, offender abides by
  conditions of probation
• Conditions set and enforced by judicial system
• Offenders who fail may have probation revoked,
  and original sentence imposed

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Functions of Probation Departments

• Pre-sentence Investigation (PSI)
• Interview offender, case history, tied to
  rehabilitation
• Includes recommendation for sentence
• Supervision of Offenders
• Counseling, meet with offenders
• Help with job, broker community resources
• Supervise (house visits, drug testing)

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Use of Probation

• Almost 2/3 of the total corrections population is
  on probation
• Roughly 4 million offenders are on probation
• Average Caseload 120
• Goal has shifted
• Rehabilitation to supervision/zero tolerance

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Parole

• Parole as release from prison
• Discretionary release
• Parole board appointed by governor
• Rehabilitation and intermediate sentences
• Parole as supervision
• Similar to probation supervision
• Early release a privilege, therefore must follow
  conditions of release

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Abolish Parole?

• Typically, states move to abolish discretionary
  parole release
• When this is done, post release supervision is
  still part of the process

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How effective are probation and parole
supervision?

• Cost savings
• Probation and parole are much less expensive than
  prison
• Recidivism
• Large differences in recidivism across
  jurisdictions
• As high as 65 (California felons), as low as 25
  (Huntsville, TX)
• Depends upon risk of clients

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Intermediate Sanctions

• Probation Prison Death
• ISP EM Boot Camp

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WHY do these critters exist?

• Prison crowding in 1980s
• Probation viewed as failure
• Need for continuum of sanctions

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What is the goal of these critters?

• Divert offenders from prison (save money)
• Reduce recidivism (through deterrence)
• Provide an option to judges that fits between
  prison and probation

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Intensive Probation or Parole Supervision (IPS)

• Idea is to soup up traditional supervision
• Reduce Caseloads (15 to 40 offenders)
• Daily contact with offender
• Routine drug testing
• Curfews, home and employment visits

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Do ISPs work?

• Do ISPs divert from prison?
• NO, judges are reluctant to send prison-bound
  offenders to ISP (Net Widening)
• Do ISPs reduce recidivism?
• NO, when compared to similar group of offenders,
  they actually do worse (fishbowl effect)

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Shock Incarceration (boot camps)

• Short, intense incarceration to shock the
  offender into his/her senses
• military drill and discipline, physical exercise,
  hard physical labor
• typically reserved for young, non-violent,
  first-time offenders
• short time-span, typically 6 months

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Do boot camps work?

• Reduce Recidivism?
• NO, boot camp graduates have similar recidivism
  rates as offenders who receive different
  sanctions
• Divert Offenders?
• Possible, but not likely
• Depends upon where in the system they are
  diverted

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Home Confinement and Electronic Monitoring

• Home confinement is an old practice
• Electronic Monitoring is used to enforce home
  confinement
• Technology emerged in the 1980s
• Most are bracelets that work like invisible dog
  fences
• Tell probation/parole officers whether or not a
  person has broken curfew

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Residential Community Corrections

• Traditional Half-way house
• Used to reintegrate prison inmates into society
• Now
• Traditional functions
• Sanction for probation violators
• Day reporting centers
• Split sentences (probation RCC time)

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How do RCCs Work?

• Typically, they are house-like structures (not
  prison-like)
• Inmates (clients) are usually free to leave
  during the day (job, classes)
• Return at night
• Most RCCs are privately run

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Evidence for Cost Savings and Diversion

• In order to divert and save , demonstrate that
  the offender wouldve went to prison if not for
  the intermediate sanction
• Most programs demonstrate net widening
• Exception--if correctional personnel make
  decision.

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Evidence for Recidivism

• None of these sanctions have demonstrated
  recidivism reductions.
• Why not? All of them are based on the principle
  of specific deterrence. Example of boot
  camp--why would this reduce recidivism?
• Exception some incorporate intervention
  programs grounded in good theory

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Evidence for Providing a Continuum

• This is the sole Victory for intermediate
  sanctions
• Offenders report that ISP is more painful than
  traditional probation, and some suggest it is
  worse than prison
• Is this enough to justify intermediate sanctions?

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Why are these Critters thriving?

• Provide Continuum
• Politically Powerful
• Boot camp residents with shaved heads, saluting.
• Public wants harsh punishments
• Myth of effectiveness

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Institutional Corrections

• Go to jail, go directly to jail, do not pass go,
  do not collect 200

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JAILS

• County Level Institutions
• Usually run by Sheriff and deputies
• House inmates (less than 1 year) and pre-trial
  detainees
• Conditions notoriously poor
• Little programming, no medical facilities
• Violence, shifting population, suicide rates high

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Prisons

• Hold individuals sentence to at least 1 year
• Operated by the executive branch
• Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP)
• 98 Facilities
• 126,000 inmates
• Most inmates (60) are serving time for drug
  offense
• Prisons ranked on a 1 to 6 scale (1 FCI in
  Colorado)

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State Prisons

• Over 500 prisons, and 1.2 million offenders
• Governor typically appoints warden
• Organization
• Maximum (razor wire, guard towers)
• Medium (similar to max, but less serious
  offenders)
• Minimum (typically campus style)

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Since the late 1970s, the total number of inmates
in custody has increased dramatically
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Not simply because the population increased
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The War on Drugs and the BOP
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Why the dramatic increase?

• Change in public opinion, and political emphasis
• Three strikes laws, truth in sentencing
• Longer sentences in guidelines
• Drug Policies
• Increase in felony convictions
• Factors that do not clearly influence
  incarceration
• Crime rates, Economy

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Profile of Prison and Jail Inmates

• Racial Profile
• 35 White, 44 Black, 11, Hispanic
• 11 of black males in 20s and 30s
• Most (98) are male
• Most are poor, with less than a high school
  education
• Majority (60) have been in prison before

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What type of offenders go to prison?
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Does (did) Incapacitation work?

• Yes and No
• Yes small to moderate reductions in crime
  levels for certain offenses (burglary, theft,
  robbery).
• Doubling the prison population (200,000 to
  400,000) reduced these crimes by 18 over a
  decade
• But, doubling again, will have less of an
  effect!!
• NO Little if any effect on murder, rape, simple
  or aggravated assault.
• Zero effect on drug crimes (replacement)
• Does it work as wrong question

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The Pains of Imprisonment

• Gresham Sykes
• Material possessions
• Heterosexual relationships
• Security
• Autonomy
• Deprivation model vs. Importation model
• Does old inmate code still exist? Not really

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The Inmate Economy

• A black market exists in almost all prisons
• Sex, drugs, alcohol, food, better living
  conditions
• What is the currency of the prison
  economy?CIGARETTES
• Why not stamp out the prison economy?
• Guards are pragmatic
• Some guards are part of the economy

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Prison Gangs

• Similar to the outside, gangs are divided along
  racial lines
• Roughly 6 of inmates identify with a gang
• Gangs control economy, rackets
• Primary concern is gang violence, and the
  possibility of riots

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Womens Issues

• Typically single prison per state
• Get less resources
• More difficult to visit
• Pregnancy, motherhood
• Where do children go if mothers are locked up?

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Does Rehabilitation Work?

• Martinson (1975) nothing works
• He later recanted his position, and argued that
  some things do work, but nobody listened
• Don Andrews (Canadian Psychologist)
• Much rehabilitation is correctional quackery
• What works?
• Cognitive/Behavioral based programs
• Intensive intervention with follow-ups