Skeletal System

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Skeletal System

• Characteristics and Treatment of Common Skeletal
  Disorders

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Trauma

• Fractures
• Dislocations
• Sprains
• Strains

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Fractures (aka break) pg 108

• Most common traumatic injury to a bone
• When this occurs, there is swelling d/t injury
  and bleeding tissues
• The common types of fractures are
• Greenstick
• Closed/simple
• Open/compound
• Comminuted

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Greenstick

• The simplest type of fracture
• Bone is partially bent, but never completely
  separates
• Break is similar to that of a young, sap-filled
  woodstick, where the fibers separate lengthwise
  when bent
• Common among children b/c their bones contain
  flexible cartilage

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Closed/Simple

• When the bone is broken, but the broken ends do
  not pierce through the skin

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Open/Compound

• Most serious type of fracture
• The broken bone ends pierce and protrude through
  the skin
• Can cause infection of the bone and neighboring
  tissue

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Comminuted

• When the bone is splintered or broken into many
  pieces that can become embedded in the
  surrounding tissue

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Restoring bone

• Occurs through 3 main methods
• Closed reduction cast or splint
• Bony fragments are brought into alignment by
  manipulation and a cast or splint is applied
• Open reduction internal fixation
• Through surgical intervention, devices such as
  wires, metal plates, or screws are used to hold
  the bone in alignment and a cast or splint may be
  applied
• Traction
• Pulling force used to hold the bones in place,
  used for fractures of long bones

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Internal Fixation
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Dislocations

• Occurs when a bone is displaced from its proper
  position in a joint
• May result in the tearing and stretching of the
  ligaments
• Reduction or return of the bone to its proper
  position is necessary, along with rest to allow
  the ligaments to heal

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Sprain

• An injury to a joint caused by any sudden or
  unusual motion, such a turning the ankle
• The ligaments are either torn from their
  attachments to the bones or torn across, but the
  joint is not dislocated
• Accompanied by rapid swelling and acute pain in
  the area and is treated with nonsteroidal
  anti-inflammatory drugs

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Strain

• Overstretching or tearing of muscle

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Concussion

• Result of a severe blow to the head
• May be mild or severe and temporarily affect
  memory, judgment, speech, balance, and
  coordination

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Hammer Toe

• Toe thats curled (flexed) d/t a bend in the
  middle joint of one or more toes
• May be caused by shoes that are too tight or
  heels to high
• The longest of the 4 smaller toes may be forced
  against the front of the shoe, resulting in
  unnatural bending of the toes with pain and
  pressure in the affected area

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Diseases of the Bones Arthritis

• Inflammatory condition of one or more joints,
  accompanied by pain and often by changes in bone
  position
• At least 20 different types, the most common
  being rheumatiod arthritis and osteoarthritis

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Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)

• Chronic, auto-immune disease which affects the
  connective tissue and joints
• There is acute inflammation of the connective
  tissue, thickening of the synovial membrane, and
  ankylosis (joints become fused) of the joints
• Joints are badly swollen and painful
• Cause is unknown

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Osteoarthritis

• Known as degenerative joint disease
• Occurs with aging about 80 of all Americans
  affected
• Articular cartilage degenerates and a bony spur
  formation occurs at the joint
• Joints may enlarge there is pain and swelling,
  especially after activity

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Other diseases

• Gout
• Joint disorder characterized by an acute
  inflammation commonly affecting the big toes
  accumulation of uric acid crystals
• Rickets
• Found in children and caused by a lack of Vit D
  bones become soft d/t lack of calcification
  causing bone deformities
• Slipped (herniated) disc
• Condition where a cartilage disc ruptures or
  protrudes out of place and places pressure on the
  spinal nerve
• Whiplash injury
• Trauma to the cervical vertebra, usually the
  result of a MVA (what does MVA stand for?)

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Gout
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Rickets
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Herniated Disc
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Abnormal Curvatures of the Spine

• Kyphosis
• Hunchback
• Humped curvature in the thoracic area
• Lordosis
• Swayback
• Exaggerated inward curvature in the lumbar
  region, just above the sacrum
• Scoliosis
• Side-to-side or lateral curvature of the spine
• page 112, figure 6-17

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Other Disorders

• Osteoporosis silent disease
• Porous bone disease characterized by low bone
  mass and structural deterioration of bone tissue
• Has no symptoms until a sudden strain, bump, or
  fall causes a fracture or a vertebrae to collapse
• Collapsed vertebrae may be seen in the form of
  loss of height, severe back pain, or spinal
  deformities
• See figure 6-19 page 114

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• Osteomyelitis
• Infection which may involve all parts of the bone
• May result from injury or systemic infection and
  most commonly occurs in children ages 5-14
• Osteosarcoma
• Bone cancer
• Most common sight is just above the knee

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One more term to know

• Arthroscopy
• Examination of a joint using an athroscope with
  fiber optic lens, most knee injuries are treated
  with arthroscopy

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