Vitamins and Minerals

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Vitamins and Minerals
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I. Vitamins

• Vitamins are organic compounds
• Vitamins are coenzymes that help enzymes to
  function (co-operate)
• Examples
• 1. Water soluble (polar) Vitamins
• A. Vitamin B aids in the use
  of carbohydrates
• B. Vitamin C for healthy cells and tissues

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Vitamin C deficiency causes scurvy
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• feeling of discomfort,
• tiredness,
• nausea,
• muscle and joint pain,
• easy bruising,
• swollen and bleeding gums,
• loosening of teeth,
• wounds healing slowly and poorly,
• dry skin and hair, and
• bleeding into muscles and joints, causing pain.
• In children, bleeding can occur into the thin
  tissue surrounding their long bones, causing pain
  and interfering with their growth

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• 2. Fat soluble (non polar) Vitamins
• you can overdose on these
• Examples
• A. Vitamin A healthy skin, bones, eyes
• B. Vitamin D calcium and phosphorous use
  for bones,
• teeth etc.
• C. Vitamin K blood clotting and bone health

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Vitamin A deficiency causes blindness

• For children, lack of vitamin A causes severe
  visual impairment and blindness. It also
  significantly increases the risk of severe
  illness and even death from such common childhood
  infections such as diarrhea and the measles.

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Vitamin D deficiency causes Rickets
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• The symptoms and features of rickets may include
• soft skull bones
• delayed closing of the anterior fontanelle (soft
  spot on a baby's head),
• a prominent, square-shaped forehead,
• thickening of the knees (also known as
  knock-knees),
• thickening of the ankles and wrists,
• body weight causing arm and leg bones to bow,
• indentation on the chest
• poor growth and development,
• floppiness due to muscle disease or weakness,
• teeth taking longer to come through, and
• weak tooth enamel.

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Vitamin K deficiency causes

• Gastrointestinal bleedingHematuria (blood in
  the urine)NosebleedsEye hemorrhagesAnemiaGum
  bleedingProlonged clotting timesHemorrhagingEas
  y bruisingOsteopeniaOsteoporosisFracturesCalci
  fication of soft tissue, especially heart valves
• Calcium Deposits

• Vitamin K is known to be needed to coagulate
  blood and to maintain proper bone density. It
  plays a key role in proper development of the
  fetus. Deficiencies of Vitamin K have been linked
  to

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II. Minerals needed in small amounts

• Inorganic compounds (no carbon)
• Plants absorb minerals and animals eat plants or
  other animals that ate the plants
• Examples
• 1. Calcium for bones and teeth
• 2. Chlorine aids in digestion
• 3. Iodine for metabolism
• 4. Sodium for water balance

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Iodine deficiency causes goiters

• measles.

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• The main symptom is a swollen thyroid gland. The
  size may range from a single small nodule to
  large neck lump.
• The swollen thyroid can put pressure on the
  windpipe and esophagus, which can lead to
• Breathing difficulties ,Cough,
• Swallowing difficulties, Wheezing
• There may be neck vein swelling and dizziness
  when the arms are raised above the head.

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How do you test for Vitamin C?

• Add Indophenol (pH Indicator) to your sample.
  Indophenol is blue. if your sample changes the
  blue to colorless, contains Vit. C
• OR
• Add Bromthymol Blue ( pH indicator) .
• Vit C will turn the sample yellow

indophenol
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Homework

• Vitamin, Mineral, and digestive
• system reading assignment with questions.
• DUE tomorrow!