Warm Up

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Warm Up

• Analyze the map on p. 402.
• Answer the analyze and predict questions
• Agenda/Obj Analyze the rise and spread of Islam
  and its influence on the crusades.

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Clarification on terminology

• Arabic language

• Arab regional description

• Thank you shukran
• No thank you la shukran
• Arabic is a language spoken by millions of people
  in the world, in the Middle East, Central Asia,
  Northern Africa, etc.

• not all Arabs are Muslims
• Not all Muslims are Arabs

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1. Early Arab World

• Nomadic people (see map)
• Polytheistic
• believed Abraham built kaaba at Mecca
• Mecca- market city at crossroads of trade routes
• Believed in supreme god called Allah
• John Green-Islam

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2. Basics of Islam
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Mohammed 570-632 AD

• Orphaned
• raised by uncle, Abu Talib
• Caravan leader (contact with monotheism)
• Troubled by gap between rich and poor
• Meditated- visions of angel Gabriel from God
• revelations later recorded Koran (Quran)
• Preached in Mecca
• Jews/ Polytheistic people chased him out, fled to
  Medina 622 AD (hijrah)
• Converted people in Medina
• returned to Mecca w/ an army (normal for tribal
  area)
• conquered city 630 AD
• smashed polytheistic idols
• Introduction of Monotheism al ilah the God

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Muslim Teachings

• Monotheistic Allah (God in Arabic language)
• (for 500 years before Islam, Jews and Christians
  in the region had been using Allah to reference
  The God )
• Islam submission Muslim one who submits
• Must follow 5 Pillars of Islam
• Belief there is no god but Allah and Mohammed
  is his messenger
• Prayer 5 times a day facing Mecca
• Charity give to the poor
• Fasting dawn to dusk during Ramadan
• Pilgrimage travel to Mecca once in life (hajj)
• Salvation by following will of Allah
• Religion of action (Judaism- heritage
  Christianity- belief)

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Culture of Islam

• Mohammed- last/greatest prophet
• Abraham, Moses, Noah, Jesus ALL important in
  Islam
• Mosque place of Muslim worship (on Friday)
• Trade- main activity
• Islam spread through conquest and trade
• Women gained rights under Islam
• pre-Islamic tribal culture was harsh
• Women were to be protected within Islam
• Education, divorce, rights as mothers, no forced
  marriages, etc.
• Own businesses, inherit property
• over time lost rights through strict
  interpretation
• Patriarchal men could have up to 4 wives
• After war with high male casualties (had to ask
  1st wifes permission)

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deity
prophet
Belief in 1 god
List the 5 Pillars of Islam
What are some areas where Islam has spread?
ISLAM
Holy book
followers
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Islamic World
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Mosque
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Trade Routes
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3. Creation of the Islamic Empire
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After Mohammeds Death

• No clear successor
• Abu Bakr became caliph
• Islamic leader/Mohammeds successor
• Took over Arabian Peninsula
• conquered Syria, Egypt, old Persian Empire
• Abu Bakrs death- series of caliphs

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4. Umayyad Dynasty 661-750 AD
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Umayyad Dynasty

• Moved capital to Damascus, Syria
• Marched across N. Africa and into Europe
• 700 AD conquered Berbers
• 710 AD crossed Gibraltar into Spain
• 725 AD controlled Spain, capital at Cordoba
• 732 AD defeated by Charles Martel at battle of
  Tours (France)before Charlemagne!
• Built Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem
• People felt Umayyads favored certain people, led
  to downfall of dynasty

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Battle of Tours
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Split in Islam

• Hussein led revolt against Umayyad rulers
• outnumbered and defeated but led to split in
  Islam
• Shiite Muslims
• only descendents of Ali (Mohammads son-in-law)
  are true leaders of Islam (imams)
• mostly in Iran/Iraq
• Sunni Muslims believe leader should be chosen by
  council

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Seljuk Turks

• Conquered eastern Arab world by 11th Century AD
• 1055 AD took over Baghdad, proclaimed their ruler
  sultan holder of power
• 1071 AD defeated Byzantines to take over Asia
  Minor

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Art, Literature, and Architecture

• Quran seen as greatest literature
• minaret (tower to call people to pray)
• Not allowed to make human images, so repeated
  geometric patterns to form arabesques
• Palaces- constructed w/ huge fortifications,
• borrowed by Europeans for castles

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Art and Architecture
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Sunni beliefsShiite/Shia beliefs
Islam and the early Arab World Directions Fill
in the following boxes using your textbook.
Islamic Beliefs/Practices Umayyad Dynasty
Contact with Christians/ Europeans Islamic Achievements
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Islam and the early Arab World Directions Put
the following terms/people/events in the correct
box.
Islamic Beliefs/Practices Following 5 Pillars of Islam Not drinking Have up to 4 wives Women modest Read the Quran in Arabic Umayyad Dynasty Expanded Islam Across Northern Africa Into Europe -Spain France
Contact with Christians/ Europeans Invasion of Constantinople Crusades in Middle East/ Jerusalem Invasion/ occupation of Spain Battle of Tours- France Islamic Achievements Indian number system Medical knowledge Algebra Navigational tools (astrolabe)
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The Crusades

• Complete p. 78 in manual on The Crusades as using
  the following slides

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The Crusades

• Military expeditions- European Christians trying
  to recapture Jerusalem from the Muslims
• Most European Christians were French
• had religious zeal,
• also wanted wealth, glory, power, bloodlust
• Were told by the church if they killed infidels
  they would go to heaven.
• Also attacked Christians and Jews on the way to
  Jerusalem

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Crusades 11th-13th Centuries

• Pope Urban II-
• saw Byzantine request for help as excuse to take
  power, preached 1st Crusade 1095 AD (told people
  it was Christian duty to fight)
• 1st Crusade 1095-1099, bloody fighting,
  Christians conquered Jerusalem, Antioch
• Set up 4 Crusader kingdoms, great trade
  opportunity for Venice, Genoa, etc.
• 2nd Crusade, Muslims rebuilt power, attacked and
  retook all land Christians won in 1st Crusade

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3rd Crusade c. 1189 AD

• Led by Frederick Barbarossa (Holy Roman Empire),
  Richard I (England), and Phillip II (France)
• Big problems, Frederick drowned, Phillip returned
  to France, Richard negotiated peace
• Saladin Muslim leader, great warrior, leader,
  very merciful
• Richard and Saladin had great respect for one
  another

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3rd Crusade - Acre
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4th Crusade and MORE.

• Pope Innocent III called for 4th Crusade
• Instead of helping, Crusaders sacked
  Constantinople and killed Christians
• Byzantines regained control 1261 AD
• Childrens Crusade to Rome, sent home
• Effects of Crusades
• Kings took land from knights who didnt return
• Greater trading power to Venice, Italian
  city-states
• Widespread persecution of Jews in Europe
• Knowledge of Muslim culture in Europe