Sound

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Introduction To Ecology
Ch. 50
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Introduction To Ecology

• Ecology the scientific study of the
  interactions between organisms and their
  environments
• Ecology determines both the distribution and
  abundance of organisms
• Distribution and abundance depends on abiotic
  (non-living factors such as temperature, light,
  water, nutrients, pH, etc.) and biotic (living
  factors such as all the living organisms)
  components of the environment

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Levels of Ecological Study

1. Organismal Ecology morphological,
   physiological, and behavioral way in which
   individual organisms meet the challenges posed by
   their abiotic and biotic environments

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Levels of Ecological Study

• A population is a group of individuals of the
  same species living in a particular geographic
  area
• Population Ecology
  factors that affect how
  many individuals of a
  particular species live in
  an area

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Levels of Ecological Study

• A community consists of all the organisms of all
  the species that inhabit a particular area it is
  an assemblage of populations of many different
  species
• Community Ecology the whole array of
  interacting species
  in a community
  (includes predation,
  competition, and
  disease)

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Levels of Ecological Study

• An ecosystem consists of all the abiotic factors
  in addition to the entire community of a species
  that exist in a certain area may consist of many
  different communities
• Ecosystem Ecology the
  emphasis in on the energy flow
  and the cycling of chemicals
  among the various biotic and
  abiotic components

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Levels of Ecological Study

• The Biosphere is the global ecosystem, the layer
  of Earth inhabited by life the sum of all the
  plants ecosystems

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Factors Affecting Distribution

• Biogeography the study of the past and present
  distribution of individual species
• In studying the dispersal of organisms,
  ecologists work through a series of logical steps
  to determine what limits geographical
  distributions

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Factors Affecting Distribution

• Of course, we do not want to purposely introduce
  organisms to areas where they do not already
  exist
• Examples African Honeybee (purposely) and Zebra
  Mussel (accidentally)
• Tens Rule one out of ten introduced species
  becomes established, and one out of ten
  established species become common enough to
  become pests.

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Factors Affecting Distribution

• Behavior and habitat selection
• Habitat selection by ovipositing insects, which
  often choose only certain host plants, may limit
  their distribution
• Biotic Factors
• The inability to survive and reproduce may be due
  to predation, disease, or competition
• Abiotic Factors
• Temperature, water, sunlight, wind, and rocks and
  soil

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Factors Affecting Distribution

• Temperature and moisture are the major climatic
  factors determining distribution
• Climate is the prevailing weather conditions of a
  locality and are influenced by temperature,
  water,
  light, and wind
• Biomes are major
  types of ecosystems
  found in broad
  geographic regions

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Solar Radiation and Latitude
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What Causes Seasons?
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Lake Stratification and Seasonal Turnover
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Aquatic Biomes

• Freshwater biomes less than 1 salt
  concentration
• Marine biomes average of 3 salt concentration
• Oceans influence global rainfall, climate, and
  wind patterns
• Marine algae and photosynthetic bacteria produce
  a large portion of the worlds oxygen and consume
  enormous amounts of carbon dioxide

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Aquatic Biomes
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Freshwater Biomes
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Freshwater Biomes
A Eutrophic Lake
An Oligotrophic Lake
A River
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Freshwater Biomes

• Wetlands areas covered with water and
  supporting hydrophytes (water plants) range from
  marshes to swamps to bogs
• These richly diverse biomes are important to
  flood control and water quality

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Freshwater Biomes

• Estuaries where a freshwater river or stream
  meets the ocean often bordered by wetlands
  called mudflats and saltmarshes
• Serve as feeding and breeding areas for marine
  invertebrates, fish, and waterfowl

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Marine Biomes
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Marine Biomes

• Intertidal zones the daily cycle of tides
  exposes the shoreline to variations in water,
  nutrients, and temperature, and to the mechanical
  force of wave action
• Rocky intertidal zones have
  organisms adapted to firmly
  attach to the hard substrate
• Sand or mudflat intertidal zones
  are home to burrowing worms,
  clams, and crustaceans

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Marine Biomes

• Coral reefs found in
  tropical waters in the
  nertic zone are highly
  diverse and productive
  biomes
• Coral reefs are easily
  damaged by pollution,
  development, native
  and introduced
  predators, and high
  water temperatures

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Marine Biomes

• Benthos nutrients reach the benthic zone as
  detritus falling from the waters above.
• Nertic benthic communities receive sunlight and
  are very diverse and productive
• Various invertebrates and fishes that are adapted
  to cold, dark, and high water pressure inhabit
  the abyssal zone
• Chemoautotrophic
  prokaryotes are adapted
  to the hot, low-oxygen
  environment surrounding
  deep-sea hydrothermal
  vents

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Terrestrial Biomes
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Terrestrial Biomes

• The geographic distribution of the worlds major
  terrestrial biomes is related to abiotic factors
  in particular, the prevailing climate
• Biomes are usually named for their predominant
  vegetation and major climatic features
• Each bio also has characteristics microorganisms,
  fungi, and animals

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Tropical Forests

• Occur within 23 latitude of the equator
• Variation in rainfall result in tropical dry
  forests, tropical deciduous forests, and tropical
  rain forests, where rainfall is abundant

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Savanna

• Tropical and subtropical grassland with scattered
  trees and rainy and dry seasons
• Fires and large grazing mammals restrict
  vegetation to grasses and small broad-leaved
  plants

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Deserts

• Characterized by low and unpredictable
  precipitation
• May be hot or cold depending on location
• Desert animals have physiological and behavioral
  adaptations to dry conditions
• Plants may use
  CAM photosynthesis
  and have water
  storage adaptations
  and protective
  spines and
  poisons

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Chaparral

• Common along coastlines in midlatitudes that have
  mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers
• The dominant vegetation dense, spiny evergreen
  shrubs is maintained by and adapted to periodic
  fires

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Temperate Grasslands

• Maintained by fire, seasonal drought, and grazing
  by large mammals
• Soils are deep and rich in nutrients

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Temperate Deciduous Forests

• Characterized by broad-leaved deciduous trees
• Grow in midlatitude regions that have adequate
  moisture to support the growth of large trees
• Trees drop
  their leaves
  before winter

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Coniferous Forest (Taiga)

• A large biome found in northern latitudes
• Characterized by harsh winters with heavy
  snowfall
• Coniferous trees grow in dense, uniform stands
• Coastal
  temperate rain
  forests area
  also coniferous
  forests

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Tundra

• The northernmost limit of plant growth
• Characterized by dwarfed or mat-like vegetation
• The alpine tundra, found at all latitudes on high
  mountains above the tree line, has similar flora
  and fauna
• The artic tundra has a shallow root layer due to
  permafrost,
  permanently
  frozen soil