Transplantation

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Transplantation

• Chapter 2

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The French in North America

• Territory called New France
• New France focused on the area along the St.
  Lawrence River where there was an abundance of
  beavers and Indians wanting to trade.

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• Samuel de Champlain founds the first permanent
  French settlement in Canada called Quebec.
• New France was a very large territory, but had
  few inhabitants.
• Main activity of the colony was fur trade.

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English settlement in the Chesapeake

• The English chose to settle in the lower
  Chesapeake Bay region.
• In 1606, English merchants petitioned King James
  I for a charter including both the Virginia
  Company and the Plymouth Company.
• These joint-stock companies sold shares to
  investors to raise money for colonization.

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• This new area was about 50 miles up the James
  River (which the English named after their king).
• 104 colonists, all men built a fortified
  settlement called Jamestown.

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• In 1616, the company instituted the headright
  system, giving 50 acres to anyone who paid his
  own way to Virginia and an additional 50 for each
  person (or head) he brought with him.
• Eventually, the company began transporting women
  to Virginia to become wives for planters and
  convince them to stay in the colony.
• This same year is when African slaves began
  arriving in Virginia.

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• The first legislative body in English America
  called the House of Burgesses was also created.
• Established self-government in other English
  colonies.
• Landowners elected representatives to the House
  of Burgesses, which subject to approval of the
  company, made laws in Virginia.

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Importance of Tobacco

• After a long search for a marketable product,
  settlers began to grow tobacco after 1610.
• Between 1627 and 1669, annual tobacco exports
  went from 250,000 lbs. to over 15 million lbs.
• Tobacco shaped Virginias society, from
  settlement to recruitment of colonists.

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• Tobacco kept workers busy for 9 months of the
  year.
• Seeds were sowed in early spring, transplanted a
  few weeks later, summers were spent pinching off
  the tops of the plants and removing worms. After
  the harvest leaves were cured in ventilated
  sheds, then packed in large barrels.

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• Looking to make a larger profit, colonists
  imported thousands of indentured servants, or
  contract workers, who agreed to a fixed term of
  labor. Usually, 4-7 years, in exchange for free
  passage to Virginia.

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Maryland A Refuge for Catholics

• Encouraged by Virginias success, King Charles I
  granted 10 million acres of land north of
  Chesapeake Bay to nobleman Cecilius Calvert.
• Maryland was a proprietary colony, meaning it was
  in sole possession of Calvert and his heirs.

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• Calvert, a Catholic, wanted Maryland to be a
  refuge for other Catholics, since English
  Catholics were the minority.
• Catholics paid double the taxes, could not
  worship in public, hold political office, or send
  their children to universities

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• In 1649, Calvert approved the Act for Religious
  Tolerance, the first law in America to call for
  freedom of worship for all Christians, but the
  Protestant majority continued to resist Catholic
  political influence, eventually passing a law
  that prohibited Catholics from voting.

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The Founding of New England

• Between the years 1620 and 1640, six colonies
  were formed and settled by thousands of people
  troubled by religious, political and economic
  issues in England.
• The first New England colony was Plymouth.
• Puritans were people who believed that Queen
  Elizabeth has not done enough to reform the
  Church of England.

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• Puritans followed the teaching of John Calvin and
  his idea of predestination.
• They rejected the Book of Common Prayer, which
  regulated Anglican worship, stating that
  ministers should pray from the heart and preach
  from the bible.

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• Separatists were Puritans that left to form
  their own congregations, because the believed the
  Church of England would never change.
• Pilgrims were spiritual wanders.
• Theses separatists and non separatists (about 102
  men, women and children) left England on the
  Mayflower in 1620.
• The trip took about 65 days.

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• These Pilgrims landed in Plymouth, where the
  Wampanoag village use to be before disease wiped
  out most of the population.
• The Pilgrims started building as soon as they
  landed in Plymouth, but it wasnt long until a
  plague (possibly smallpox) swept through the
  colony, killing all but 50 settlers.
• Two English speaking natives, Squanto and
  Samoset, emerged from the woods and approached
  the Pilgrims on behalf of Massasoit, the
  Wampanoag leader.

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• Even the surviving Pilgrims might have perished
  if Squanto had not helped them adapt to their
  surroundings.
• The Indians taught the pilgrims how to plant corn
  and the pilgrims gave them manufactured goods in
  return.

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• The Pilgrims joined the Wampanoag in a three day
  festival to celebrate the harvest and give thanks
  to God for their good fortune, which became know
  as Thanksgiving.
• The Pilgrims also exchanged corn with other
  tribes for fur, which they shipped back to
  England to help pay off their debts to investors.
  

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Massachusetts Bay Colony and Its Offshoots

• The Puritans believed that the Anglican church
  could still be reformed.
• After receiving a charter for a joint stock
  company, the Massachusetts Bay Company set up a
  colony north of Plymouth. Respected Puritan
  lawyer, John Winthrop was chosen as their leader.

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• With a fleet of eleven ships, 900 men, women and
  children traveled to the new colony.
• Before Winthrops ship landed in Massachusetts he
  preached a lay sermon A Model of Christian
  Charity.
• As conditions in England worsened, many people
  began to leave the country in what was later
  known as the Great Migration.
• By 1643, it was estimated that 20,000 settlers
  had arrived in New England.

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• Winthrop described their mission in New England
  as a covenant, binding them to meet their
  religious obligations in return for Gods favor.
• Puritan efforts to suppress other religious
  beliefs inevitably led to conflict with those who
  disagreed with them. Eventually, just as Anglican
  intolerance of the Puritans led to the founding
  of Massachusetts, Puritan intolerance led to the
  founding of other colonies in New England.

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Rhode Island

• Roger Williams, a young minister and teaching
  arrived in Boston in 1631.
• Williams condemned the Puritan church and also
  believed that the land rightfully belonged to the
  Native Americans and not to the King on England.
• Winthrop grew more and more concerned that
  William's and his beliefs. Williams was
  eventually asked to leave the colony, which gave
  him the opportunity to create his own.

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• In Providence, Rhode Island, the government had
  no authority in religious matters. Different
  religious beliefs were tolerated rather than
  suppressed.
• In the midst of the Roger William uproar, a young
  woman by the name of Anne Hutchinson arrived in
  Boston.

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• Hutchinson was intelligent, charismatic, and
  widely admired.
• A devout Puritan, Hutchinson began to hold prayer
  meetings in her home.
• Her groups discussed sermons and compare
  ministers.
• As her followings grew, she began to claim to
  know which ministers had salvation from God and
  which did not.
• Puritan leaders were threatened by Hutchinson and
  accused her of being a heretic.

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• In 1636, the Reverend Thomas Hooker asked the
  General Court of Massachusetts for permission to
  move his entire congregation to the Connecticut
  River Valley they migrated due to lack of land
  near their town to raise cattle
• Hooker believed that everyone should be allowed
  to vote, not just church members.

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• Once settlers started entering the Connecticut
  River Valley, tensions grew with the Indians and
  the Pequot War erupted in 1637.
• The Dutch traders who were already in theses
  areas were dealing only with the Pequot Indians
  as partners.
• The Pequot's had recently lost a large amount of
  people due to smallpox and resented losing their
  trading rights and began fighting with the Dutch.

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• For almost 40 years after the Pequot War, the New
  England settlers and Native Americans had good
  relations fur trade, in particular, facilitated
  peace.
• It enabled Native Americans to acquire tools,
  guns, metal and other European products in
  exchange for furs.
• At the same time, colonial governments began to
  demand that Native Americans follow English laws
  and customs. Such demands angered Native
  Americans, who felt that the English were trying
  to destroy their way of life.

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• Tensions peaked in 1675 when Plymouth Colony
  arrested, tried, and executed three Wampanoag for
  a murder.
• Angry and frustrated, Wampanoag warriors
  attacked the town of Swansea.
• This started what came to be known as King
  Phillips War, after the Wampanoag leader
  Metacomet, whom the settlers called King Phillip.

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• Metacomet was killed in 1676, but fighting
  continued in Maine and New Hampshire.
• New England now belonged to the English settlers.

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Families, Farms, and Communities in Early New
England

• The average family in New England had seven or
  eight children.
• Most New Englanders were spared from diseases
  that killed Virginias settlers and the Indian
  populations.
• Unlike the Chesapeake colonists, who spread on
  tobacco lands, New Englanders lived in close
  towns.
• Towns made up fifty to a hundred families. Towns
  provided context for religion, politics and
  economic activity.

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• Children began working just after their fifth
  birthday. Older siblings cared for younger ones,
  fetched tools, and minded cattle.
• Around the age of 10, girls learn household
  skills from their mothers and boys learn farming
  skills from their fathers.
• No family could produce all the goods they
  needed, so New Englanders had to trade with their
  neighbors.

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• Without a stable crop like tobacco, New
  Englanders prospered by exploiting a variety of
  resources, which developed a very diversified
  economy less vulnerable to depression like
  Virginia.

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Competition in the Caribbean

• The Spanish claimed all of the Caribbean islands
  by right of Columbuss discovery, but during the
  early seventeenth century, French, Dutch, and
  English adventurers defied them.
• France retained Guadeloupe, Martinique, Haiti,
  and several smaller islands.
• The Dutch retained Aruba, Curacao, St. Martin and
  St. Eustasius.

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• England retained Antigua, Barbados, Montserrat,
  Nevis, and St. Christopher.
• Spain held on to Jamaica.
• The first English colonists who came to the West
  Indies in the 1630s raised tobacco and imported
  indentured servants to work their fields.

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• However, in the 1640s sugar cane became the
  preferred cash crop.
• Sugar crops led to a scramble for much needed
  labor.
• Planters continued to import white indentured
  servants, but soon African slaves became the
  labor of choice.
• Africans were use to agricultural work in a hot
  tropical climate.

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• Laws declared slavery to be a lifelong condition
  that passed from slave parents to slave children.
• Slaves had no legal rights and were under total
  control of their masters.
• Slaves could be whipped, branded, beaten, or
  maimed for stealing food or harboring a runaway.
• Crimes such as murder or arson was immediate
  execution without a trial.

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• Slaves who rebelled were burned to death.
• Slave families tried to preserve their African
  culture and traditions.
• Children were given African named, celebrations
  included African music, and burial ceremonies
  were often kept intact.

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The Proprietary Colonies

• Four new colonies were created due to land grants
  given by King Charles II Carolina,
  Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and New York.
• One of the proprietors, Anthony Ashley Cooper,
  working closely with his secretary, John Locke,
  devised the Fundamental Constitutions of
  Carolina, a plan to ensure the stability o the
  colony by balancing property ownership and
  political rights.

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• The colonists at first raised livestock to be
  sold to the West Indies, but the introduction of
  rice in Carolina gave the settlers a more stable
  economy.
• South Carolina rice planters became the
  wealthiest colonists on the mainland.
• As Carolina became overrun by slaves, slave codes
  were introduced to stop potential slave
  rebellions.

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• William Penn received a large area of land north
  of Maryland as payment for a royal debt owed to
  Penns father.
• Penn wanted his colony to be a model for justice
  and peace, as well as a refuge for members of the
  Society of Friends or Quakers, a persecuted
  religious sect which he belonged to.

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• Quakers abandoned the Church of England as
  hopelessly corrupt.
• They rejected predestination, they maintained
  that every soul had a spark of grace and that
  salvation was possible for all who heeded the
  Inner Light.
• They rejected a trained clergy and elaborate
  church rituals.

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• They help meetings in silence until someone,
  inspired by the Inner Light, rose to speak.
• Quakers granted women spiritual equality with
  men, allowing them to preach, hold separate
  prayer meetings, and authority over womens
  matters.

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• After begin harassed by English authorities,
  William Penn conceived his plan for a New World
  holy experiment, a harmonious society governed
  by brotherly love.
• In the Frame of Government, his constitution for
  Pennsylvania, Penn remained true to his Quaker
  principles with a provision allowing for
  religious freedom.

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• Penns opponents, some who were fellow
  Quakersobjected his proprietary privileges,
  including his control over foreign trade and his
  collection fees for landholders.

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The Dutch overseas Empire

• The Dutch Republic served as a major center of
  world trade.
• The Dutch next set their sights on the Americas,
  created the West Indies Trading Company in 1621.
• Its claim to the Connecticut, Hudson, and the
  Delaware Valleys stemmed from the 1609 voyage of
  Henry Hudson, an Englishman sailing for the
  Dutch, who discovered the river that bears his
  name.

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• The first permanent Dutch settlers on mainland
  North America arrived in 1624 to set up a
  fur-trading post at Fort Orange (now Albany, NY).
• Among the colonys Dutch, German, French,
  English, Swedish, Portuguese, and African
  settlers were Calvinists, Lutherans, Quakers,
  Catholics, Jews, and Muslims.

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• The proprietary colonies of New York and New
  Jersey were carved out of the Dutch colony of New
  Netherland.
• The Duke of York became proprietor o this new
  English possession, which was renamed New York.
  New Jersey quickly followed.