Cultivating Interest in Allanblackia

1
Cultivating Interest in Allanblackia
Tony Simons, ICRAF, Kenya SII Training Course,
October 2006
2
Cultivating Interest in Allanblackia

1. Planting
2. Managing
3. Trials
4. Pilot tree planting

3
1. Planting

• What to plant (cuttings, seedlings, size)
• Where to plant (farm, forest, community land)
• (shade/sun)
• 3. How to plant (design, planting holes, timing)
• 4. Motivation to plant

4
Years to fruit Size of tree Multiplication rate per year
Seeds 10-12 20-30m 5000
Rooted cuttings - Tree stump 3-4 4-8m 200
Rooted cuttings - Mother block 3-4 5-8m 4000
Marcots 1-2 4-6m 20
Grafts 2-3 3-4m 100
5
Young tree with fruits
4.0m height 12cm dbh 5 years 20 fruits
6
Where to plant?
7
Dry site
Wet site
8
Planting grafted seedlings
no
yes
9
Field planting designs

• Single scattered trees
• (in crop fields, mixed tree systems,
  enrichment)
• 2. Line planting
• (borders, contours, crop fields)
• 3. Block planting
• (corner of farm, under-utilised land,
  community land)

10
(No Transcript)
11
(No Transcript)
12
Allanblackia
13
2. Management of trees
We have no concrete information on Allanblackia
needs - spacing - thinning - watering -
pruning - fertilising - shading -
microsymbionts

• What can we learn from similar species?
• What is our expert opinion?
• What do we want to investigate as we scale up?

14
2. Management of trees
Similar species
Botanically Clusiaceae (e.g. Garcinia) Phytogeo
graphically Treculia Tree form Durio Fruit
size Pouteria, Artocarpus
15
Durio zibethinus
16
(No Transcript)
17
6m x 6m spacing
18
(No Transcript)
19
Annona
20
Manilkara
21
(No Transcript)
22
Treculia africana
23
Artocarpus heterophyllus
24
(No Transcript)
25
(No Transcript)
26
Kilograms of fertilizer per hectare of crop land
      119 to 4,800
      63 to 118
      26 to 62
      5.00 to 25
      0 to 4.99
Cameroon 4 kg/ha Ghana 3 kg/ha Nigeria 9
kg/ha Tanzania 10kg/ha
27
Nutrient content (kg per ha) for cocoa and AB
    N P K Totals Combined Totals
Cocoa Seeds 21.1 8.6 30.8 60.5 127
Cocoa Pods 14 4.2 48.3 66.5 127
AB Seeds 5 0.86 1.43 7.29 29
AB Pods 15.3 0.96 5.46 21.72 29
23
assumes 625 AB trees per ha, 30 fruit per tree, 3
fruit per kg seeds
1 - Ghana national cocoa average (Joeffre,
2006) 2 Allanblackia stuhlmanii average of 12
fruit (Munjuga Mwaura, unpubl.)
28
(No Transcript)
29

• Yellowing in wildings
• No fine roots
• - mycorhizae?

N P K
Green 1.63 0.098 1.58
Yellow 1.3 0.14 0.83
30
Evaluation trials

• Trials cost in terms of both time and money, so
  
• Why is the trial needed?
• How many treatments do I need/have?
• What do you plan to measure? How often?
• Has anyone else researched this before?
• How long is the trial envisaged to last?
• What will the trial lead to?
• Can it be done satisfactorily on farm?

31
Advantages of work on station

• Ease of access, more frequent monitoring
• Nursery is usually closer, planting done
  quicker
• Better control of the conditions (water, weeds,
  etc)
• Need for fewer replicates as less variable site
• Better security (theft, interference, fire)
• Fewer constraints on what is permissible
• Gain understanding before going on farm
• Trials can be larger and/or more complicated
• Visitors can see many trials in one place
• Often historical records (field and climate)
• May have a conservation role (dont over play)

32
Disadvantages of work on station

• May be unrepresentative of farmers conditions
• - lead to false conclusions for on farm
  work
• - farmers dont relate to it
• - the control treatment may be misleading
• Can be expensive to maintain
• Researchers can be reluctant to close trials
• Default time fillers for labourers

33
Types of trials

1. Species trials
2. Species/provenance trials
3. Provenance tests
4. Provenance/family trials
5. Family (progeny) tests
6. Clonal trials
7. Management trials

34
Provenance tests

• expect 2-5 fold differences between provenances
• ensure seedlot has broad genetic base
• (gt30 parent trees)
• depending on objectives and species, then
• need 100-400 trees
• is the material well documented?
• can you get more seed if it is needed?
• do you plan to convert the trial to a seed
  stand?
• where most G x E tests are done
  (interpret/use?)
• hard to do on farm

35
Family (progeny) tests

• Used for calculating genetic parameters (s.e.)
• - these are age, site, population, trait
  specific
• Used to identify best families (backward seln -
  cso)
• Used to identify next parents (forward seln)
• Used for phenology studies, breeding system
• Require gt30 families, many more for family seln
• Generally require gt20 trees per family

36
Clonal trials

• To observe clonal differences for selection
• To determine clonal repeatability
• To determine any c effects
• Can be used for clonal seed orchards, if rogue
• Can be used to set up mother blocks, if rogue
• Good for mating system experiments

37
Clonal Trials
38
(No Transcript)
39
Square plots (measured trees/total)
3 x 3 (1/9)
4 x 4 (4/16)
5 x 5 (9/25)
6 x 6 (16/36)
7 x 7 (25/49)
8 x 8 (36/64)
40
Management trials

• careful to ensure relevance to on-farm
  conditions
• can investigate individual factors and
  interactions
• - spacing
• - thinning
• - watering
• - pruning
• - fertilising
• - shading
• - microsymbionts
• - topworking, grafting, budding
• - nursery carry-over experiments

41
It is desirable if you can carry your blocking
through from the nursery to the field.
42
Who is the farmer?
43
Farmer surveys, Tanzania, TFCG (Aug 2004)

• 5 villages around Amani Nature Reserve
• all 110 households surveyed know the tree in
  Msambu
• 79 of farmers have trees on their farms
• 21 no trees
• 60 1-10 trees
• 14 11-20 trees
• 5 gt 20 trees
• only one farmer raising seedlings
• 83 willing to plant if seedlings were available
  (at price US0.05 to US0.20)
• all villages had small-scale nurseries
• other tree species included Artocarpus, Cedrela,
  Grevillea
• most seedlings sell for US0.10 to US0.25,
  coffee up to US0.50
• farmers who wanted to raise Allanblackia
  seedlings included
• 17 sell all seedlings raised
• 26 only raise enough to plant on their farms
• 52 plant on-farm and sell excess
• 5 undecided

44
TARGET AREA 200,000 farmers
calculate
45
Village tree planting launch May 2006, Tanzania
46
Initial tree planting in areas Where communities
already sensitised in collection of seeds
47
Presided over by government officials - Explained
well to communities
48
District Forest Officer Did first Allanblackia
planting
49
Then farmers dispersed to their farms to do the
same
50

• Farmer planting Allanblackia
• in his/her own farm
• Paid US0.15 after 1st year
• Paid US0.15 after 2nd year
• only if surviving
• advised farmers they are part of
• research effort, not for free

51
(No Transcript)
52
Involvement of local Forest officers is
important
53
(No Transcript)
54
(No Transcript)
55
(No Transcript)
56
Ghana planting - FORIG
57
AB planting in Ghana
58
First cuttings weaned Ghana
59
(No Transcript)
60
(No Transcript)
61
(No Transcript)
62
(No Transcript)
63
(No Transcript)
64
(No Transcript)
65
Caution when transplanting
66
Dont plant seedlings too early
67
Ideal seedling 4 leaf nodes, gt 20cm, no bent
root, good root system No mycorhizae problem, no
fungal leaf spot
68
(No Transcript)
69
(No Transcript)
70
(No Transcript)
71
(No Transcript)
72
(No Transcript)
73
(No Transcript)
74
Use 1 to 2 litre nursery bags
75
Can link up with other planting initiatives (e.g.
Mars cocoa)
76
Vision of small-holder production
5-50 trees per ha 30 fruit per tree 1st harvest 4
years Full harvest 7 years US1.50 per tree per
year Replace 25-40 years
77
Vision 10m x 10m spacing 100 trees per ha 70
field survival Average farmer 50 trees Mix
seedlings () cuttings () 10-25m seedlings
fruit 12 years 4-8m cuttings fruit 4 years
78
Integration in agroforestry systems
16 month old seedling planted on Harrison Adoos
farm
Ideal for field grafting with female scion at
next rains
79
Seedlings
Task Timing Who? (and others e.g. Forest Dept)
1 Prepare nursery training materials Oct to Nov 05 ICRAF, ANR, TFCG, ARI, TAFORI
2 Training in nursery management Nov to Dec 05 ANR, TFCG, TAFORI, FM, ICA,
3 Prepare shaded nursery beds (3-4m2) Jan to Mar 06 Nursery operator
4 Collect and pre-treat seeds Dec 05 to Feb 06 ICRAF, ANR, TFCG, TAFORI, ARI
5 Distribute/ supervise sowing 15kgs pre-treated seeds Jan 06 to Mar 06 ANR, TFCG, TAFORI,Nursery operator
6 Water and monitor beds Mar 06 to Nursery operator, ANR, TFCG, TAFORI,
7 Check on progress and distribute polybags Mar 06 to Sep 06 ANR, TFCG, TAFORI,
8 Fill 200 polybags, prepare shaded 2-3 m2 shaded area Sep 06 Mar 07 Nursery operator
9 Prick out germinants/emergents Sep 06 Mar 07 Nursery operator ANR, TFCG, TAFORI
10 Pay nursery operators on transplants (TSh 150) Oct 06 Apr 07 ANR, TFCG, TAFORI,FM, INADES, ICA
11 Check on nursery progress Oct 06 onwards ANR, TFCG, TAFORI
12 Prepare cultivation guidelines Sep 06 ICRAF, ANR, TFCG, ARI, TAFORI
13 Identify and sensitise farmers to plant seedlings Nov to Dec 06 ANR, TFCG, TAFORI,FM, INADES, ICA
14 Collect and pay for seedlings (Tsh350) Mar 07 Oct 07 ANR, TFCG, TAFORI,FM, INADES, ICA
15 Distribute seedlings, enter in agreements on subsidies Mar 07 Oct 07 ANR, TFCG, TAFORI,FM, INADES, ICA
16 Supervise planting Mar 07 Oct 07 ANR, TFCG, TAFORI
17 Monitor progress, back-up advice Mar 07 onwards ANR, TFCG, TAFORI,
18 Pay annual subsidy Mar Oct 08 then annual x3 FM, INADES, ICA
80
seedlings cuttings total
2006 5000 5000
2007 50,000 2000 52,000
2008 100,000 10,000 110,000
2009 200,000 20,000 220,000
2010 50,000 50,000 100,000
2011 10,000 100,000 110,000
2012 10,000 100,000 110,000
2013 5000 200,000 205,000
2014 5000 200,000 205,000
2015 5000 300,000 305,000
2016 5000 200,000 205,000
total 455,000 1,182,000 1,637,000
81
Vegetative Propagation
82
Vegetative Propagation

• Great start, well done
• assumption 50 survival (??)
• start monitoring and recording (0-82 shoots)
• re-assess how many will produce sufficient
  cuttings
• next aspect is central stock plant area (where?)
• when harvest first cuttings
• build propagators 1 per 3 sprouting trees
  (where?)
• lot of follow-up required
• explain reasons better

83
(No Transcript)
84
(No Transcript)
85
Translate for Nigeria, Ghana
86
Prick out leaders to get more bushy resprouts
and hence more cuttings
87
Dont cut in dry season or too high or
biggest tree
88
Research on establishment, niches

• Where do farmers plant them?
• Average number planted?
• survival () after 1st, 2nd, 3rd years
• growth (height and diameter)
• effect of propagule type on growth (form, root
  structure)
• effect of initial propagule size on growth
• effect of shade on growth