The Civil War

1
The Civil War
2
South Carolina Secedes

• SC Secedes December 24, 1860
• Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana,
  Mississippi, and Texas seceded days later
• A new constitution was drawn
• Guaranteed the right to own slaves
• Declared each state sovereign and independent
• Jefferson Davis became the provisional president
  of the Confederate States of America

3
The Civil War Begins

• The confederates took over many of the federal
  forts in their states. Fort Sumter remained under
  federal control under the command of Major Robert
  Anderson.
• Anderson sent word to Washington that he needed
  supplies. Lincoln sent word to SC that he was
  sending unarmed supply ships.
• General Beauregard ordered the federal troops to
  evacuate the fort Anderson refused.
• At 430 a.m. on April 12, 1861, Confederate
  troops opened fire on Fort Sumter. After 34
  hours, Anderson and his men formally surrendered.
  There were no fatalities on either side.

4
The Confederacy Grows

• Lincoln calls on the states not in the
  Confederacy to provide soldiers to put down the
  uprising in the south.
• Arkansas, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia
  responded to the presidents call for troops by
  seceding.
• Four other slave states remained in the Union
  Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri

5
A Divided Nation
6
Lee Decides
7
Northern Advantages

• Much greater population (22 million vs. 9
  million)
• Industrial could meet military and civilians
  demands
• Greater wealth
• Greater number of Railroad tracks which could
  move men and supplies to the Confederate lines
• Most of the U.S. Navy remained loyal to the Union
• An established central government

8
Southern Advantages

• Fighting to defend its territory
• Best Military Leaders
• Robert E. Lee
• Thomas Stonewall Jackson
• Joseph E. Johnston
• Mostly rural
• Hunters
• Used to the outdoors

9
First Battle of Bull Run

• Manassas, VA
• Southerners called it the Battle of Manassas
• Union leader General Irvin McDowell
• Confederate leader General Joseph E. Johnston
• Thomas Stonewall Jackson earned nickname
• Jacksons troops raced toward the Union line with
  a loud eerie sound that became known as the
  Rebel yell.
• Union soldiers retreated, throwing down their
  guns and running back to Washington.

10
Results of Bull Run

• Southern victory
• Lincoln replaced Irvin McDowell with George
  McClellan to head the Union troops.
• Jefferson Davis chose Joseph Johnston to command
  the Army of Northern Virginia and chose Robert E.
  Lee as his military advisor.
• People realized the war would last longer than a
  few months.
• The Confederate victory resulted in a false sense
  of security.

11
Strategies

• Union Strategies (Anaconda Plan)
• Capture Richmond, the Confederate capital
• Gain control of the Mississippi River thus
  splitting the South
• Naval blockade of Southern ports
• Confederate Strategies
• Defend homeland
• Capture Washington, D.C. and invade the North
• Win the support of Britain and France who
  depended on southern cotton

12
Opposition to the War

• In the spring of 1862, the Confederacy passed the
  first conscription (draft) act in American
  history. Since plantation owners were exempted
  from the draft, many whites became critical
  saying it was a rich mans war and a poor mans
  fight.
• The Republicans of the north proposed a draft in
  1863 which led to riots in New York City.
  Democratic newspapers claimed the draft forced
  white workers to fight to free slaves who would
  then come north and take their jobs.
• Copperheads were northerners who sympathized with
  the south
• Lincoln suspended the writ of habeas corpus by
  putting in jail Copperheads and other opponents
  of the war without a trial.

13
War in the West

• Battle of Shiloh
• Name of a Methodist church in TN
• Confederate name Battle of Pittsburg Landing
• Confederate Generals Albert Johnston and P.G.T.
  Beauregard commanded the Confederate Army of the
  Mississippi
• Union Army led by Ulysses S. Grant.
• Confederates surprised the Union army/fighting
  lasted 2 days
• Union victory
• Confederates over 10,000 casualties including
  Gen. Albert Johnston
• Union over 13,000 casualties

14
War in the West

• Battle of New Orleans
• In order for the Union to control the Mississippi
  River they needed to take New Orleans.
• Union ships commanded by David Farragut attacked
  the Confederate forts guarding the approach to
  New Orleans. After 6 days of unsuccessful
  attacks, Farragut decided to sail past the forts.
  Farragut unhooked the chains guarding the
  waterway and sailed into New Orleans under heavy
  fire. Farragut lost 4 out of 17 ships. The city
  was forced to surrender.

15
Eastern Campaigns

• The Peninsula Campaign
• George McClellans attempt to take Richmond
• McClellan met the Confederates at Yorktown.
  Lincoln urged McClellan to attack, but he refused
  claiming there were too many enemy troops.
  Instead McClellan laid siege on the city.
• Johnston retreated toward Richmond McClellan
  followed.
• The Battle of Seven Pines was fought outside of
  Richmond.
• Union victory
• Confederate Gen. Joseph Johnston was seriously
  wounded.
• Jefferson Davis put Lee in charge of the
  Confederate forces.
• McClellan hesitated in overtaking the weakened
  Confederates.

16
Eastern Campaigns

• Seven Days Campaign (Outside of Richmond)
• Lee sent James E. B. Jeb Stuart to gather
  information on the enemy.
• Lee and Stonewall Jackson attacked the Union
  forces in the Seven Days Campaign
• Confederate victory even though they had the most
  losses because McClellan retreated.
• Lincoln removed McClellan from command and gave
  General John Pope command of the Union army.
• Pope and his men were defeated at the 2nd Battle
  of Bull Run

17
James E. B. Jeb Stuart

• At the 2nd Battle of Bull Run he lost his famous
  plumed hat and cloak
• Later in a Confederate raid, he overran Popes
  headquarters, he captured Popes full uniform and
  orders which provided Lee with more valuable
  intelligence.

18
Antietam

• Confederates moved into Maryland
• Hoped a victory on Union soil would convince the
  North to accept the Souths independence
• Hoped it would help the South win recognition
  from Britain.
• Lees plans were lost and discovered by Union
  soldiers wrapped in a pack of cigars.
• McClellan met Lee at Antietam Creek
• The Battle of Antietam was called the Battle of
  Sharpsburg by the Confederates.
• The bloodiest single-day battle
• Union had over 12,000 casualties
• Confederates over 13,000 casualties
• Although a Union victory, Lincoln fired McClellan
  after he let Lees army escape into VA.

19
Emancipation Proclamation

• The Union reasoned that more slaves at work meant
  more Confederate soldiers were available to fight
  against the Union.
• Lincoln hoped if slaves learned the North was
  fighting to free them, they would desert their
  masters, thereby weakening the Souths economy.
• Lincoln issued a military order that would free
  all slaves living in areas of rebellion.
  Confederate states had until January 1, 1863 to
  end the rebellion in order to keep their slaves.
• Slaves escaping to the north could join the Union
  army
• Slaves in the border states were not freed.

20
54th Massachusetts Infantry

• African American regiments
• Commanded by white officers
• Earned less than half the pay of white soldiers
  until Congress equalized the pay in June 1864
• About 100 African Americans commissioned as
  junior officers
• Black soldiers captured by the Confederates were
  treated as outlaws and could be executed or sold
  into slavery
• The 54th led in the attack on Fort Wagner which
  guarded the entrance to Charleston Harbor
  suffered heavy losses.

21
New Union Commanders

• Lincoln replaced McClellan with Ambrose E.
  Burnside.
• Burnside met Lees forces at Fredericksburg
• Confederate victory
• Union suffered heavy losses (12,000 to Lees
  5,000)
• Lincoln transferred Burnside and put General
  Joseph Fighting Joe Hooker in charge
• May God have mercy on Lee for I will have none.

22
Chancellorsville

• One of Lees greatest victory and yet his
  greatest loss.
• Stonewall Jackson was accidentally shot by his
  own troops who mistaken him for a Union
  cavalryman. His left arm had to be amputated.
  Infection set in and he died 8 days later.

23
Gettysburg

• Lee met Union General George G. Meade in PA
• Confederates converged on the town driving the
  Union back to Cemetery Hill and Cemetery Ridge.
  The Confederates held the lower Seminary Ridge.
  (July 1, 1863)
• Lee attempted w/o success to capture a
  dome-shaped hill called Little Round Top. (July
  2, 1863)
• The next day, Lee ordered George Picketts men to
  charge up Cemetery Ridge (Picketts Charge).
  (July 3, 1863)
• Unsuccessful, Lee retreated to VA. (July 4,
  1863)
• The North had over 23,000 casualties and the
  South had over 20,000 casualties in the 3-day
  battle.
• 4 months later, Lincoln delivered the Gettysburg
  Address to dedicate a national cemetery at the
  battlefield.

24
Siege of Vicksburg

• The Confederates last stronghold on the
  Mississippi River
• Grant placed the city under siege from May 28
  July 4, 1863 bombing the city daily.
• The city was held under the Confederate general
  John Pemberton.
• With no supplies coming in, the people began
  eating mules and rats to keep form starving.
• Pemberton finally surrendered to Grant on July 4,
  1863.
• In 1864 Grant was promoted to commander of all
  Union forces.

25
Shermans March to the Sea

• Beginning in Chattanooga, William Tecumseh
  Sherman, marched toward the Atlantic Ocean and
  then northward.
• Sherman took what supplies he could use and
  destroyed everything else leaving a path of
  destruction. Cities were burned and pillaged.
  Farms were destroyed and livestock were killed.
• Purpose
• Destroy southern railroads and industries
• Destroy crops and livestock
• Destroy the moral of the South
• Savannah, GA was spared destruction bec/
  Confederate soldiers had fled Savannah, and the
  mayor surrendered the city to Shermans army.
  Sherman sent a telegram to Lincoln delivering to
  him Savannah as a Christmas gift.

26
The Confederates Surrender

• Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox
  Courthouse, VA on April 9, 1865.
• Terms of Surrender
• Confederate soldiers could keep their side arms
• All soldiers could keep their horses and mules
• None would be tried for treason
• Joseph Johnston surrenders to Sherman under
  similar terms at Durham Station, NC on April 26,
  1865.

27
Lincolns Assassination

• Lincoln had expressed in a speech that voting
  rights should be extended to Blacks. This
  infuriated Booth. Booth blamed Lincoln for all of
  the Souths ills and wanted revenge.
• John Wilkes Booth shot the
• president in the head as he
• and his wife watched the play
• My American Cousin at
• Ford Theatre.
• Lincoln never regained
• consciousness and passed away at the Petersen
  House on April 15, 1865.

28
Results of the War

• The bloodiest war in U.S. history - Over 600,000
  died in the four year war
• The Souths economy was destroyed and many cities
  were in ruins
• The 13th amendment to end slavery was ratified in
  December of 1865
• The Confederate states were put under the control
  of the Union military