LARM111

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LARM111

• LEEREENHEID 2 / STUDY UNIT 2
• EVOLUSIE VAN WERK / EVOLUTION OF WORK

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LEERUITKOMSTE

• Die sosiale organisasie van werk te kan beskryf
  en te verduidelik / to describe and explain the
  social organisation of work
• Die invloed wat werk op individue het te kan
  verduidelik / to explain the influence that work
  has on individuals
• Die invloed wat werk op die samelewing het te kan
  verduidelik / to explain the influence work has
  on society

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EVOLUTION OF MAN AND TV
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SOSIALE ORGANISASIE VAN WERK / SOCIAL
ORGANISATION OF WORK

• Verhoudings tussen bestuur, werkers, medewerkers
  en kliënte / relations between management,
  workers, coworkers and customers
• Aantal temas wat die sosiale organisasie van werk
  beskryf / set of themes that describe the social
  organisation of work
• Hierdie temas hou verband met die organisatoriese
  en tegniese aspekte van werk, die demografie van
  die werksmag, die gevolge van werk, en die
  betekenis van werk vir individue / these themes
  highlight the organisational and technical aspect
  of work, the demographics of the workforce, the
  consequences of work, and the meaning of work for
  individuals

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Temas wat die sosiale organisasie van werk
beskryf / themes that describe the social
organisation of work

• (Very important)
• 1. Verdeling van arbeid / division of labour
• 2. Tegnologie / technology
• 3. Ongelykheid / inequality
• 4. Burokrasie / bureaucracy
• 5. Vrouens, minderheidsgroepe en immigrante /
  women, minorities and immigrants

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.

• 6. Beroepe / Professions
• 7. Betekenis en waarde van werk / meaning and
  dignity in work
• 8. Globalisasie / globalization

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1. Verdeling van arbeid / division of labour

• Volle reeks van aktiwiteite vs. spesialisasie /
  full range of activities vs. specialisation
• In primitiewe gemeenskappe het almal deelgeneem
  aan n volle stel aktiwiteite / in primitive
  societies each member engaged in more or less the
  full range of work activities
• In latere feudal gemeenskappe het die mense
  landbouwerk gedoen / in later feudal society most
  workers were engaged in agricultural work
• In moderne gemeenskappe word die aktiwiteite
  opgebreek in kleiner dele en mense spesialiseer
  dan daarin / in modern industrial societies work
  has become so specialised that each trade is
  broken down into various specialities

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2. Tegnologie / Technology

• Tegnologiese ontwikkeling verhoog produktiwiteit
  / technological developments multiplies
  productivity
• Begin by handgereedskap, tot stoom- en elektriese
  gereedskap, tot rekenaars / from hand tools, to
  steam- and electric tools, to computers

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3. Ongelykheid / Inequality

• Daar is altyd sosiale verhoudinge tussen mense by
  die werk / work always involves social relations
  between people
• Verhoudinge bestaan tussen werkgewer en
  werknemer, tussen kollegas, tussen handelsvennote
  tussen verskaffers en verbruikers / relationships
  exist between employer and employee, between
  co-workers, between trade partners, and between
  suppliers and consumers
• Hierdie verhoudinge word genoem die sosiale
  verhoudinge van produksie / these relations are
  called the social relations of work
• Sosiale verhoudinge by die werk kan samewerkend
  wees soos in primitiewe gemeenskappe, of
  hiërargies en oneweredig soos in industriële
  gemeenskappe / these relations can be either
  cooperative and egalitarian as in primitive
  societies or hierarchal and unequal as in
  industrial societies

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4. Burokrasie / bureaucracy

• Dit is n hiërargiese sisteem wat duidelike
  kantore en verantwoordelikhede aanwys en daar is
  n duidelike omskrewe ketting van
  verantwoordelikheid / is a hierarchal system with
  clearly designated offices and responsibilities
  and a clearly defined chain of responsibilities
  leading to the top position
• Alle gedrag van werknemers word uiteengesit in
  duidelike voorgeskrewe reëls / all behaviour of
  all employees takes place within clearly stated
  rules

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5. Vroue, minderheidsgroepe en immigrante /
women, minorities and immigrants

• Vandag is 46 van vrouens in Kanada en USA deel
  van die arbeidsmag / women makes up over 46 of
  the labour force in USA and Canada
• Daar is beskermende wetgewing vir
  minderheidsgroepe / there are protective
  legislation for minorities
• Dit is nodig om immigrante en hul families gelyk
  te maak / there is a need to assimilate
  immigrants and their families

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6. Beroepe / professions

• Daar is al hoe meer professionele mense in die
  arbeidsmag / growing number of professional
  people in workforce
• Hoogs geleerde professionele mense het unieke
  regte en voorregte / highly educated
  professionals claim unique rights and privileges

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7. Die waarde en betekenis van werk / the meaning
and dignity in work

• Die manier hoe mense dink oor die rol van werk in
  hul lewe verander oor tyd / peoples ways of
  thinking about the role of work in their lives
  also change over time
• Werk word gesien as n roete van opwaartse
  sosiale mobiliteit / work is seen as a route of
  upward social mobility

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8. Globalisasie / globalisation

• Daar is n groot aantal ekonomiese uitruiling wat
  plaasvind tussen nasies / great share of economic
  exchange occurs between nations
• Groot organisasies wat geleë is in industrieël
  sterker lande het baie takke en gesamentlike
  ondernemings buite hul land van oorsprong /
  industrially advanced nations have many branch
  plants and joint ventures outside their nation of
  origin
• Daar is digte netwerke tussen die verskillende
  lande / dense networks between different nations

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GEVOLGE VAN WERK VIR DIE INDIVIDU / CONSEQUENCES
OF WORK FOR INDIVIDUALS

• Positief / positive
• Daar is n groter verskeidenheid en beter kosse,
  meer praktiese items en verbeterde dienste
  (mediese sorg en tersiêre onderrig) / more
  variety and better food, many practical items,
  improved services (medical care, higher
  education)
• Negatief / negative
• Daar vind vervreemding van werk plaas /
  alienation from work. Familie word minder
  belangrik en werk is nie n familie aktiwiteit
  nie / family becomes less important and work is
  no longer a family activity

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• GEVOLGE VAN WERK VIR DIE GEMEENSKAP /
  CONSEQUENCES OF WORK FOR SOCIETY

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Selfbelang / Self-interest

• Tradisionele plattelandse gemeenskappe het baie
  waarde geheg aan konformiteit / traditional rural
  societies placed a high value on conformity
• Dit was belangrik om dit te doen omdat die laer
  klas lewe so moeilik en genadeloos was / these
  values were necessary because of the harshness
  and vulnerability of peasant life
• Die bande het beweeg van commonality tot eie
  selfbelang / moved from bonds of commonality to
  own self-interest
• Moderne gemeenskappe moedig diversiteit en
  kompetisie tussen hulle lede aan / modern
  societies encourage diversity and competition
  between their members
• Moderne gemeenskappe verhoog diversiteit en
  verlaag gelykheid / modern societies increases
  diversity and decreases conformity

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Organisasie grootte / Organisational size

• Daar is groot organisasies wat goedere produseer
  soos tabak produkte, petroleum, motors ens. /
  giant organisations produce tobacco products,
  petroleum, automobiles etc.
• Die tipe organisasies het groot mag oor werkers,
  kliënte, verskaffers en selfs nasies / these
  organisations have great power over workers,
  customers, suppliers, and even nations
• Hoe groter die organisasie, hoe meer gaan
  individualiteit, nabyheid by die werk en
  persoonlike verhoudings verlore / increase in the
  size of the organisation increases the loss of
  individuality, closeness at work, and personal
  relationships
• Dit word verplaas deur burokratiese
  geadministreerde reëls / are replaced with
  bureaucratically administered rules

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Markte / Markets

• In die verlede het mense gejag en kos versamel
  vir hul eie groepe, en dit was vir eie gebruik /
  in the past people would hunt or gather food in
  groups for their own use
• Vandag word daar in organisasies gewerk, jy
  ontvang geld en dan spandeer jy dit weer op
  verskillende produkte en dienste binne ander
  markte / today you work in an organisation, you
  receive money, then you buy different products
  and services from other markets
• Hoe groter die organisasie en burokrasie is, hoe
  groter is die produksie omdat daar
  doeltreffendheid in produksie is skaal van
  ekonomie / greater size and bureaucracy allow
  increased productivity because of efficiency in
  production economies of scale

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Sosiale stratifikasie / Social stratification

• Oneweredige verdeling van verdienste en mag in
  die gemeenskap / unequal distributions of
  rewards and power in society
• n Mens moet werk om geld te verdien / one needs
  to work to receive money
• Die hoeveelheid geld wat n persoon verdien
  bepaal hoe die persoon buite die organisasie gaan
  lewe / the amount of money received for work
  determines the individuals quality of life
  outside the organisation
• Party mense werk lang ure vir min geld en ander
  het meer as een werk, ander hoef nie te werk nie
  want hul het rykdom geërf / some people work long
  hours for little money and others have more than
  one job at a time, others do not need to work for
  they have inherited riches

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• TEORIE VAN WERK / THEORIZING WORK

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...

• 3 figure wat n groot bydrae gelewer het tot die
  veld van sosiologie / 3 founding figures in
  sociology
• Karl Marx
• Emile Durkheim
• Max Weber

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...

• Marx was besorg oor die beheer en uitbuiting van
  arbeid/mense deur kapitaliste, wat gelei het tot
  die vervreemding van betekenisvolle werk / for
  Marx, the central challenge was the control of
  labour by capitalists and their exploitation of
  workers, resulting in alienation from meaningful
  work
• Durkheim was besorg oor die afbreek van sosiale
  normes wat die verhoudings binne die werkplek
  beheer het, en wat veroorsaak is deur die dryf
  wat daar was by moderne industrieë om uit te brei
  / for Durkheim, the focal point was the breakdown
  of social norms governing workplace relations due
  tot the drive towards endless expansion generated
  by modern industry
• Weber was besorg oor die burokratiese
  rasionaliteit in die wêreld van werk wat
  veroorsaak het dat mense se kreatiwiteit gedemp
  was / for Weber, the key issue was the imposition
  of bureaucratic rationality in the world of work
  and the resulting stifling of human creativity