International style

1
International style
International style Term applied to architecture
of the MODERN MOVEMENT after 1932. An
influential modernist style in architecture that
developed in Europe and the United States in the
1920s and 1930s, characterized chiefly by
regular, unadorned geometric forms, open
interiors, and the use of glass, steel, and
reinforced concrete. ????????????????????
??????????????????? ????????????? ??????????
???????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????? ???????????????
????? ????? ??????????????????
2

• Modernist architecture emphasizes function. It
  attempts to provide for specific needs rather
  than imitate nature.
• ??????????????????? ??????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????
• Modernist architecture can express a number of
  stylistic ideas, including
• Structuralism (?????????????)
• Formalism (?????????????)
• Bauhaus (?????????)
• The International Style (?????????????????)
• Brutalism (???????????????)
• Minimalism (?????????????)
• Modernist architecture has these features
• Little or no ornamentation
• Factory-made parts
• Man-made materials such as metal and concrete
• Emphasis on function
• Rebellion against traditional styles

3

• The term Brutalism was first used in the early
  1950s to describe the simple concrete buildings
  designed by Le Corbusier. Stark and angular,
  Brutalism grew out of the International Style,
  but the designs may strike you as less refined.
  Brutalist buildings can be constructed quickly
  and economically. Brutalist architecture has
  these features
• Precast concrete slabs
• Rough, unfinished surfaces
• Exposed steel beams
• Massive, sculptural shapes

Brutalism
4
Architectural style that developed in Europe and
the U.S. in the 1920s and '30s and dominated
Western architecture in the mid 20th century.
The term was first used in 1932 by
Henry-Russell Hitchcock and Philip Johnson in
their essay "The International Style
Architecture Since 1922." The style's most
common characteristics are rectilinear forms,
open interior spaces, large expanses of glass,
steel, and reinforced-concrete construction, and
light, taut plane surfaces devoid of applied
ornamentation. ????????????????
??????????????????????? ??????????? ?????
??????????????????????????? ?????????????
??????????????????? ??????????????????????????????
?????????? Walter Gropius, Ludwig Mies van der
Rohe, and Le Corbusier are among the architects
most clearly associated with the style.
MOMA new, strikingly Modernist building in
Manhattan designed by Philip L. Goodwin and
Edward Durrell Stone.
5
Important buildings in the 1932 MOMA
exhibition Alvar Aalto Turun Sanomat building,
Turku, Finland 1930 Le Corbusier Pierre
Jeanneret Stein house, Garches, Near St. Cloud
1928 Le Corbusier Pierre Jeanneret Villa
Savoye, Poissy-Sur-Seine 1930 Le Corbusier
Pierre Jeanneret De Beistegui Pent House,
Champs-Élysées, Paris 1931 Otto Eisler Double
House, Brno, Czechoslovakia 1926 Walter Gropius
Bauhaus School, Dessau, Germany 1926 Walter
Gropius City Employment Office, Dessau, Germany
1928 Erich Mendelsohn Schocken Department
Store, Chemnitz, Germany 1928-1930 Mies Van Der
Rohe Apartment House, Weissenhof Siedlung,
Stuttgart 1927 Mies Van Der Rohe German
pavilion at the Barcelona Exposition, Spain 1929
Mies Van Der Rohe Tugendhat House, Brno,
Czechoslovakia 1930 Jacobus Oud Workers
Houses,(Seidlung, Kiefhoek), Hook of Holland
1924-1927 Karl Schneider Kunstverein, Humburg,
Germany 1930
MOMA
6
The Glass House or Johnson house, built in 1949
in New Canaan, Connecticut, was designed by
Philip Johnson as his own residence and is a
masterpiece in the use of glass. The building is
an essay in minimal structure, geometry,
proportion, and the effects of transparency and
reflection.
Philip Johnson
7
Le Corbusier, Savoye House, Poissy, Fr., an
International Style residence by Le Corbusier,
1929 30
Le Corbusier
8
Alvar Aalto Auditorium of the Viipuri Municipal
Library in the 1930s. (1933-1935)
1962 1971 Finlandia Hall, Helsinki, Finland
Hugo Alvar Henrik Aalto (February 3, 1898 May
11, 1976) was a Finnish architect and designer,
sometimes called the "Father of Modernism" in the
Scandinavian countries.
Alvar Aalto
9
Walter Gropius Bauhaus Gropius' career
advanced in the post war period. Henry van de
Velde, the master of the Grand-Ducal Saxon School
of Arts and Crafts in Weimar was asked to step
down in 1915 due to his Belgian nationality.
His recommendation for Gropius to succeed him
led eventually to Gropius's appointment as master
of the school in 1919. It was this academy
which Gropius transformed into the world famous
Bauhaus, attracting a faculty which included Paul
Klee, Johannes Itten, Josef Albers, Herbert
Bayer, László Moholy-Nagy, Otto Bartning and
Wassily Kandinsky. Students were taught to use
modern and innovative materials and mass-produced
fittings, often originally intended for
industrial settings, to create original furniture
and buildings.
Walter Gropius Bauhaus
10
Paul Klee
Wassily Kandinsky
11
(No Transcript)
12
(No Transcript)
13
(No Transcript)
14
(No Transcript)
15
Erich Mendelsohn (21 March 1887 15 September
1953) was a German Jewish architect, known for
his expressionist architecture in the 1920s, as
well as for developing a dynamic functionalism in
his projects for department stores and cinemas.
Einsteinturm (Observatory on the Telegraphenberg)
in Potsdam, 1917 or 1920-1921 (building)
Erich Mendelsohn
16
Red Flag Textile Factory, Leningrad, 1926
The De La Warr Pavilion is an International Style
building constructed in 1935, considered by some
to be in an Art Deco style. Some claim it to be
the first major Modernist public building in
Britain.
Erich Mendelsohn
17
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (March 27, 1886 August
17, 1969) , along with Walter Gropius and Le
Corbusier, is widely regarded as one of the
pioneering masters of modern architecture. He
created an influential 20th century architectural
style, stated with extreme clarity and
simplicity. His mature buildings made use of
modern materials such as industrial steel and
plate glass to define interior spaces. He
strived towards an architecture with a minimal
framework of structural order balanced against
the implied freedom of free-flowing open space.
He called his buildings "skin and bones"
architecture. He sought a rational approach that
would guide the creative process of architectural
design, and is known for his use of the aphorisms
"less is more" and Gustave Flaubert's "God is in
the details".
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
18
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe Barcelona Pavilion,
Spain,
19
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
The Farnsworth House, designed and constructed by
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe between 1945-51. The
steel and glass house was commissioned by Dr.
Edith Farnsworth, a prominent Chicago-based
kidney specialist, as a place where she could
enjoy nature and engage in her hobbies, playing
the violin, translating poetry, and enjoying
nature. Mies created for her a
1,500-square-foot (140 m2) house that is widely
recognized as an iconic masterpiece of modernist
architecture.
20
The Seagram Building is a skyscraper in New York
City. It was designed by the German architect
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, in collaboration with
the American Philip Johnson and was completed in
1958. It is 515 feet tall with 38 stories. It
stands as one of the finest examples of the
functionalist aesthetic and a masterpiece of
corporate modernism.

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
21
the Niterói Contemporary Art Museum (in Niterói,
a city next to Rio de Janeiro).
Oscar Ribeiro de Almeida Niemeyer Soares Filho
(born December 15, 1907) is a Brazilian architect
who is considered one of the most important names
in international modern architecture. He was a
pioneer in the exploration of the constructive
possibilities of reinforced concrete.
Oscar Niemeyer
22
In 1947, his world-wide recognition was confirmed
when Niemeyer travelled to the United States to
be part of the international team (Board of
Design) working on the design of the headquarters
of the United Nations Headquarters in New York.
Oscar Niemeyer
23
National Congress of Brazil, Brasília
Oscar Niemeyer
24
Key Buildings in the Modern Movement
25
1913 Grand Central, New York Designed by
architects Reed and Stern and Warren and Wetmore,
the 43 million dollar Grand Central terminal
building in New York City featured lavish marble
work and a domed ceiling with 2,500 twinkling
stars.
26
1930 The Chrysler Building, New York Architect
William Van Alen lavished the 77-story Chrysler
Building with automotive ornaments and classic
art deco zigzags. Soaring 319 meters / 1,046
feet, the Chrysler Building was the tallest
building in the world... for a few months.

• The Art Deco style evolved from many sources. The
  austere shapes of the Bauhaus School and
  streamlined styling of modern technology combined
  with patterns and icons taken from the Far East,
  classical Greece and Rome, Africa, Ancient Egypt,
  India, and Mayan and Aztec cultures.
• Art Deco buildings have many of these features
• Cubic forms
• Ziggurat shapes Terraced pyramid with each story
  smaller than the one below it
• Complex groupings of rectangles or trapezoids
• Bands of color
• Zigzag designs
• Strong sense of line
• Illusion of pillars

27
1931 Empire State Building, New York When it
was built, the Empire State Building in New York
City broke world records for building height.
Reaching a height of 381 meters / 1,250 feet, it
rose above the Chrysler Building. Even today, the
Empire State Building is nothing to sneeze at,
ranking within the top 10 for building height.
The designers were architects Shreve, Lamb and
Harmon.
28
1935 Fallingwater, Pennsylvania, USA Frank
Lloyd Wright fooled gravity when he designed
Fallingwater. What seems to be a loose pile of
concrete slabs threatens to topple from its
cliff. The house is not really precarious, but
visitors are still awed by the improbable
structure.
29
1936 - 1939 Johnson Wax Building, Wisconsin,
USA Frank Lloyd Wright redefined space with the
Johnson Wax Building in Racine, Wisconsin. Inside
the Johnson Wax Building, opaque layers of glass
tubes admit light and create the illusion of
openness. "Interior space comes free," Wright
said of his masterpiece.
30
1957 - 1973 Sydney Opera House, Australia Jorn
Utzon broke the rules with his modern
expressionist Sidney Opera House in Australia.
Overlooking the harbor, the Opera House is a
freestanding sculpture of spherical roofs and
curved shapes. A scandalous political affair
forced architect John Utzon to withdraw from the
project in 1966. The Opera house was completed
by other designers under the direction of Peter
Hall.
31
(No Transcript)
32
(No Transcript)
33
(No Transcript)
34

• Discussion
• What do you think about the relationship between
  Modern Movement and International Style?
• Why International Style has been spread out
  internationally? Any reason?
• What is the product of International Style? Any
  production? Result?