Chapter 1-Key Issue 2

1
Chapter 1-Key Issue 2

• What People Care About-Pages 24-25

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What do people care about anyway?

• Language is important because it allows people to
  communicate with each other
• Religion is an important cultural value because
  it reflects peoples attitudes, beliefs, and
  practices through which people worship
• Ethnicity encompasses a groups language,
  religion, other cultural values

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What People Take Care Of

• An element of culture is the production of wealth
• Food, clothing, and shelter is what people need
  in order to survive
• Geographers divide world into regions that are
  economically developed or not
• MDC (more developing countries)
• LDC (less developing countries) get used to these
  acronyms!
• Think of some countries that fall into these
  categories. (Left side entry-output hint MDC
  or LDC)

4
Cultural Ecology

• What is cultural ecology? The geographic study
  of human-environment relationships
• Who are Alexander Humboldt and Carl Ritter? They
  are German 19th century geographers who
  encouraged human geographers to adopt methods of
  scientific inquiry used by natural scientists

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Environmental Determinism

• An approach to the study of geography that argues
  that the physical environment causes human
  activities
• What do you think?

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Possibilism

• Physical environment may limit some human
  actions, but people have the ability to adjust to
  their environment

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Physical Processes Climate

• Climate is the long-term average weather
  condition at a particular location.
• Geographers classify climates according to a
  system developed by German climatologist-Vladimir
  Köppen.
• Climate is divided into 5 main regions-page 26
  (Tropical, Dry, Warm Mid-latitude, Cold
  Mid-latitude, Polar Climates)

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Köppens 5 types of climate

• Tropical
• Dry
• Warm Mid-Latitude
• Cold Mid-Latitude
• Polar

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Vegetation Physical Processes

• Plant life covers almost the entire land surface
  of Earth
• Earths land vegetation includes 4 major forms of
  plant communities called biomes

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Biomes

• Forest-trees form a canopy (NA, Europe, Asia,
  tropical areas SA, Africa, SE Asia)
• Savanna-mixture of trees and grasses (large areas
  of Africa, South Asia, SA, Australia)
• Grassland-land covered by grass rather than trees
  (few trees grow because of low precipitation)
• Desert-very little vegetation cactus, dispersed
  patches of plants that have adapted to dry
  conditions

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Physical Processes

• Soil-material that forms Earths surface
  (lithosphere)
• U.S. Comprehensive Soil Classification System
  divides soil types into 10 orders
• Landforms-aka geomorphology, surface features
  from landforms to mountains
• USGS-Geological Survey shows detail of physical
  features (water, forests, mts., valleys,
  wetlands)-can be called topographical maps
• Topographical maps study relief and slope of
  places

12
Netherlands-Dutch Modified

• Polders-piece of land that is created by draining
  water from an area
• This is done in Netherlands to hold back the
  ocean and North Sea
• FL Everglades-humans are not modifying their
  environment

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Key Issue 3-Why are Different Places Similar?

• Globalization is a process that involves the
  entire world results in making something
  worldwide in scope.
• A transnational corporation conducts research,
  operates factories, and sells products in many
  countries, not just where its headquarters and
  principal shareholders are located.

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Globalization of Culture

• Your turn! Give examples of how globalization of
  culture has occurred.
• Distribution is an arrangement of a feature in
  space. For example, how are things distributed
  in this room, school?
• Density is the frequency with which something
  occurs in space.
• Arithmetic density is the total number of objects
  in an area, usually used to compare the
  distribution of population.

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Density

• Physiological density is the of persons per
  unit of area suitable for agriculture.
• Agricultural density is the number of farmers per
  unit area of farmland.
• Concentration simply refers to how something is
  spread out over space.
• Pattern is the 3rd property of distribution.
  (Density and concentration are the other 2)

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Gender and Ethnic Diversity in Space

• React to this section of Chapter 1, Key Issue 3
  regarding gender
• State your opinion on your input (left) side
• Space-time compression is the concept of how much
  time it takes for something to reach another
  place.

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Diffusion

• Diffusion is the process by which a
  characteristic spreads across space from one
  place to another over time.
• Hearth refers to the places where cultures
  originated (node) or where innovation originated.
• Relocation diffusion is the spread of an idea
  through physical movement of people from one
  place to another.

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Expansion Diffusion

• Expansion diffusion is the spread of a feature
  one place to another in a snowballing process.
  Three processes are included
• Hierarchial diffusion-ideas spread from persons
  of authority
• Contagious diffusion-rapid, widespread diffusion
  of a characteristic throughout the population.
  Example diseases (influenza), AIDS, WWW, etc.

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Expansion Diffusion (continued)

• Stimulus diffusion-spread of an underlying
  principle, even though a characteristic itself
  fails to diffuse such as early desk-top computers
  sales in U.S. between Macintosh Apple and IBM
  compatible DOS systems

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Distance Decay

• Distance decay is a very important concept in AP
  HuG
• Distance decay says the further away one group is
  from another, the less likely the 2 groups are to
  interact
• Contact lessens with increasing distance and
  eventually disappears