General Pathology

1
General Pathology Seminar 2

• Necrosis
• Atrophy - causes

Jaroslava Dušková Inst. Pathol. ,1st Med.
Faculty, Charles Univ. Prague http//www1.lf1.cuni
.cz/jdusk/
2
Death

• irreversible damage of the morphological
  functional integrity of

cells
organism
3
Cell Death

• apoptosis
• necrosis

4
Apoptosis

• induced (from outside) or
• genetically programmed cell death
• (cell execution / suicide)
• logical and functional contrary to mitosis
• a system for the removal of unnecessary, aged,
  or damaged cells

5
Apoptosis -1

• Triggered by a wide range of stimuli.
• Cell surface receptors like Fas or tumor
  necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1).
• Interplay of proapoptotic (Bax, Bad, Bid, Bik,
  and Bim) and antiapoptotic (Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL)
  proteins

6
Apoptosis

• Morphology
• chromatin condensation
• cell shrinkage
• budding and forming of apoptotic bodies
• (emission of pseudopodia)
• karyorrhexis
• (not pathognomonic for apoptosis)

7
Apoptosis

• Meaning
• physiological process necessary for right
  organ formatting and life course
• pathological process leading to organism damage
  - e.g. atrophy

8
Apoptosis

• Ontogenesis
• intestinal mucose, genit. tract,
• immune system - T lymphocytes
• Regeneration of tissues and organs
• intestinal mucose, blood
• Physiological involution
• neonatal adrenal cortex, thymus,
• breast after lactation period
• Atrophy preassure, hyperplasia regression,
  slight ischemia

9
Necrosis

• cell death caused from external insult

10
Necrosis

• Biochemistry
• no expression of genes de novo
• energy dependent membrane systems damaged
  hypoxia, toxins
• changes in concentrations of ions
• increased water volume (oncosis)
• autolysis

11
Necrosis

• Morphology
• pyknosis, karyorhexis, karyolysis
• denaturation of proteins - eosinophilia
• cell swelling
• cell budding (cytoplasmic protrusions)

12
Necrosis

• Meaning
• pathological process
• leading to a temporary
• organism damage or death

13
Necrosis

• Classification
• according to the tissue macroscopy
• simple
• liquefaction
• coagulation
• special types caseation, Zenkers of
  waxy appearance

14
Necrosis - further development

• no
• death of organism
• gangrene
• sicca (dry g.)
• humida (wet g.)
• emphysematosa (gas g.)
• demarcation, sequestration
• regeneration
• repair

15
Necrosis - Causes

• chemical
• chlorinated hydrocarbons, heavy metal compounds,
  ethyl- alcohol, aphlatoxins, ...
• physical
• mechanical trauma, UV light, ionizing radiation,
  heat, cold, .
• biologic
• bacteria, viruses, fungi...

16
Atrophy

• diminution of organ or tissue after full
  development has been attained
• (versus hypoplasia, aplasia)
• simple (x hypertrophy)
• numerical (x hyperplasia)

17
Atrophy - causes

• vascular
• pressure
• inactivity
• inanition
• neurogenic
• ionizing radiation

• involution
• senile
• postinflammatory
• endocrine
• unknown cause

18
Atrophy - meaning

• may be reversible
• loss of specialised structures
  hypofunction
• clinically silent or unimportant
  (involution)
• clinically apparent
• metaplasia, increase of the supportive
  tissues - pseudohypertrophy