The Post World War Two World

1
The Post World War Two World

• Lovingly presented by
• Mr. Mosqueda (and of course, Mrs. Drake)

2
The Costs of WWII

• 50-70 million dead worldwide 400,000 American
  deaths
• An estimated 1 trillion dollars financial
  cost of WWII (341 billion spent by U.S.)
• The Soviet Union (Russia its satellite nations)
  suffered the greatest losses (20 million
  deaths) was united by Joseph Stalin under a
  communist regime.
• Much of Europe and Japan lay in ruins and
  required rebuilding.
• 5 billion cubic yards of rubble lay in Germany
  alone
• Britain, France, Germany, and Japan were no
  longer great military powers.
• United States and Soviet Union (two nations with
  most success in defeating Hitler) become two
  competing world powers
• Democracy vs. Communism the Cold War begins

3
Potsdam Conference (1945)

• Prior to the end of WWII, President Truman met
  with Joseph Stalin (USSR) and other world leaders
  to discuss what to do with a defeated Germany.
• Truman was afraid of Communism spreading across
  Europe under Stalins influence and did not want
  a repeat of the anger caused by strictly
  punishing Germany for war damages as was done
  after WWI.
• Joseph Stalin wanted revenge on Germany and
  demanded severe reparations (U.S.S.R. had lost
  the most in the war).
• At the conference, it was decided however, that
  the German economy must recover after the war or
  else total devastation would fall across Europe.

4
Potsdam Conference (1945)

• Truman offered Stalin a deal where he could get
  some reparations from the German government, but
  he would have to donate food and supplies to the
  German people.
• Also, Truman learned of the successful test of
  the atomic bomb (Trinity Test) during this
  conference and told Stalin about it.
• Hearing the news that the U.S. had an atomic
  bomb, Stalin felt bullied into accepting the
  deal.
• Created tension between USA and USSR roots of
  the Cold War
• Germany was divided into four temporary zones of
  occupation administered by the United States,
  USSR, Britain, and France until Germany was
  rebuilt (5 years).

5
Berlin Crisis/ Rebuilding of Germany

• Truman believed that if Germany was restored, the
  rest of Europe would be OK.
• By 1948, US realized that USSR was trying to
  sabotage the Marshall Plan in Germany.
• 1/3rd of Germany (East) was under Soviet control,
  the rest (West) was free.
• Germany separated into 2 countries when USSR cut
  off all ties to West Germany.
• Truman sent supplies to Berlin, Germany in an
  event called the Berlin Airlift.
• 80 tons of food carried into Berlin over 11
  months sustained 2.5 million residents
• One of the greatest aviation feats in history

6
United Nations

• Replaced the League of Nations, which failed
  after WWI because the United States did not join.
• Purpose bring all nations of the world together
  to work for peace and development, based on the
  principles of justice, human dignity and the
  well-being of all people.
• The United Nations came into existence on Oct.
  24, 1945, with 51 member countries and its
  headquarters in New York City.
• Since 2007, the UN has been made up of 192
  countries who all agree to abide by its rules and
  support its goals.

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The Marshall Plan

• Europe was facing major economic problems.
• Plan named for U.S. Secretary of State George
  Marshall
• Plan to rebuild Europe (1947)
• Restore a working economy and fight against
  hunger and poverty
• U.S. contributed 13 billion in aide.
• Only countries who were not communist could apply
  to receive money under the Marshall Plan.

9
Rebuilding of Japan

• U.S. bombing raids had devastated most Japanese
  cities.
• Hiroshima and Nagasaki lay in ruins with
  long-lasting effects of the atomic bombings.
• All major cities (except Kyoto) in Japan were
  devastated with food shortages which would last
  for years.
• The United States temporarily occupied Japan
  until 1952 to oversee recovery efforts and the
  writing of a new Japanese constitution.
• Japanese Emperor Hirohito lost all political and
  military power made a mere symbol of the country
• Right to vote given to all Japanese citizens
• Human rights guaranteed
• No army or warfare allowed
• War crimes trials held with hundreds executed for
  war crimes

10
Nuremberg Trials

• An International Military Tribunal was set up by
  the U.S., USSR, Britain, and France to try former
  Nazis for war crimes committed during the war.
• 24 Nazis were accused and tried for such things
  as crimes against peace, waging aggressive
  warfare, and war crimes. All but 2 were
  convicted and sentenced to death or life
  imprisonment.
• Nuremberg Trials were the first of many trials
  against high-level Nazi officials. Trials would
  continue into the 1960s and 70s.
• These trials established the fact that, even in
  war, murder, rape, and unnecessary force are
  crimes.
• Many Nazis escaped Europe and are hiding to this
  day.
• The United States also allowed top Nazi
  scientists to enter the country to use their
  expertise to develop the space program.

11
Creation of Israel

• In 1948, the U.N. recommended a new state
  (country) to be created near Palestine in Israel
  as a Jewish homeland.
• Israel was occupied by the British at the time
• Arab lands taken when new boundaries were drawn
• Arab countries did not allow/accept the creation
  of the new nation and promised war.
• State of Israel declared May 14, 1948
• David Ben-Gurion becomes Prime Minister
• USA (Truman) immediately recognized Israels
  independence as a new nation.
• US remains a strong supporter of Israel today,
  angering many Islamic nations (root of modern
  terrorism)

12
Creation of Israel UN Plan

• Israel to be divided between Arabs (Muslims) and
  Israeli Jews according to map at left with the
  holy city of Jerusalem being administered by a
  neutral international commission.
• In spite of plan, the territories are disputed by
  both Arabs and Jews.
• 1967 In the Six Day War, Israel seized the West
  Bank and Gaza Strip from Palestinians, causing
  ongoing violence between the groups. These
  regions were occupied by Israel until 2005 when
  Israel gave up the Gaza Strip and the northern
  part of the West Bank to Palestians.

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NATO and the Warsaw Pact

• North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) formed
  by treaty on April 4, 1949
• Alliance formed between the U.S., Belgium,
  Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy,
  Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Norway, Portugal,
  The UK, and Greece.
• Designed to prevent possible attacks by Communist
  nations.
• Members agree to defend one another if attacked.

• Warsaw Pact formed in response to NATO by eight
  Communist nations Albania, Bulgaria,
  Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland,
  Romania, and the USSR.
• Member nations agreed to defend each other if
  attacked.
• In 1956, however, the USSR took military action
  against Hungary, one of its own member nations,
  killing thousands.
• The break up of the Soviet Union (USSR) and the
  fall of the Berlin Wall in 1991, greatly weakened
  the Pact.

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NATO/Warsaw Pact

• North Atlantic Treaty Organization
• If one country is attacked, then the rest would
  provide assistance
• West Germany allowed to join
• Communist Countries (Eastern Europe) signed the
  Warsaw Pact

16
Todays Secret Word

• Communism
• A system of government where all citizens
  contribute equally to society and have equal
  ownership in everything produced.
• Eventually capitalism would be destroyed and
  turn into communism
• Karl Marx ?

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Least Fair ? Fair ? Most Fair
Communism Idealistic self-government where people
contribute equally for the good of the entire
country (never happened)
Capitalism free county where people own
Businesses to make money American Dream (USA
since 1787)
Socialism The government controls everything To
ensure everything is fair and equal (communist
Countries during Cold War)
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Workers of the world, unite! You have nothing to
lose but your chains!
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The Iron Curtain
From the Baltic Sea to the Adriatic Sea, an iron
curtain has descended across Europe. Behind that
line all the capitals of Central EuropeAll are
subject to Soviet influence and are controlled by
Moscow.

• The presence of the Soviet Army in Eastern Europe
  ensured pro-communist governments would be
  established
• Satellite Nations
• Followed policies of USSR (Soviet Union)
• Separated communist nations in East from the
  capitalistic nations in West
• Tension with USA and Western Europe
• Japan is allied with USA

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Asian Conflicts

• 1949 Communists win the Chinese Civil War
• Mao Zedong (Chairman of the Communist Party)
  becomes leader of China
• Chang Kai-shek flees to Taiwan
• American fear of communism grows

21
Truman Doctrine

• The USA started a policy of containment
• Prevent communism from spreading across the globe
• Stalin and communists leaders try and push
  communism across the middle east
• President Truman made a speech
• USA will not allow communism to spread any
  further, will attack if necessary
• Socialistic countries attack free countries,
  destroying peace (disease)
• Truman Doctrine

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The Cold War

• Rivalry between USA (Western Europe) and Soviet
  Union (Eastern Europe)
• Both sides began developing weapons (arms race)
• No actual fighting actually took place
• People scared that attack was imminent
• Lasted from 1945-1990
• Built bomb shelters in back yards Video Clips
• Do It Yourself Fallout Shelter
• Happy Days

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• High school students plan for impending attack

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http//www.youtube.com/watch?v7RHj15wVXec
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Duck and Cover! (Video)(http//www.archive.org/de
tails/duck_and_cover_ipod)
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US/USSR/Russian Nuclear Weapon Stockpile
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Changed in 2007 due to North Koreas recent
nuclear tests, Irans nuclear ambitions and the
more than 26,000 weapons owned by USA and Russia
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Countries with Nuclear Weapons

• United States (NPT) 1945 (9,938)
• Russia (NPT) 1949 (16,000)
• England (NPT) 1952 (200)
• France (NPT) 1960 (350)
• China (NPT) 1964 (200)
• India 1974 (70-120)
• Israel (undeclared) (75-200)
• Pakistan 1998 (30-80)
• North Korea (withdrew from NPT) 2006 (1-10)
• South Africa (disassembled)
• Iran (in development)
• Belgium, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Turkey,
  Canada, Greece (share weapons, borrowed from USA)

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The Korean War

• At the end of WWII, the USA sent troops to disarm
  the Japanese troops stationed there
• Pushed troops to the 38th Parallel
• North Communist (Soviet)
• South Nationalists (USA)
• Two governments organized, each wanted power of
  the whole country
• June 25, 1950 North Korea invades South Korea
• Video Clip Truman justifies invasion and asks
  for war powers

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38th Parallel

• Divided N and S Korea
• Line of demarcation most heavily armed border in
  the world

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Korean DMZ
155 Miles long, 2.5 Miles Wide
From the South
From the North
Soldiers from both sides patrol the area and
occasional violence happens
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End of Korean War

• Eisenhower fulfills his promise to visit Korea
• Considers using nuclear weapons to end the war,
  finds that they would not be effective
• UN signs an armistice to end fighting.
• 38th Parallel remains most heavily fortified
  border in the world

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Kim Jong il
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Tallest flagpole in the world (525 ft)
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Korean War

• President Truman calls on the UN to act
• With UN approval, Truman sends Douglas MacArthur
  to Korea, pushes troops back to 38th Parallel to
  Chinese border
• China enters the war, fighting with the
  communists, sending US/UN troops back across the
  38th Parallel
• MacArthur angry, wants to block Chinas ports and
  drop the Atomic Bomb
• Truman fires MacArthur (Video Clip)
• Keep peace, show who is Commander-in-Chief
• Truman MacArthur a Prima Donna

43
MacArthurs Farewell Address

• I have just left your sons fighting in Korea
• Old soldiers never die they just fade away."
  "And like the old soldier of that ballad, I now
  close my military career and just fade away an
  old soldier who tried to do his duty as God gave
  him the light to see that duty. Good-bye."

44
Korean War

• War continued through July, 1953
• More than 33,600 US solders died (battles)
• More than 20,600 died from accidents and disease
• Police Action
• Expanded Cold War to Asia
• Japan, South Korea, Taiwan Philippines, Australia
• China, Vietnam (Communist)

MASH
45
Affluent Society

• After the war, the economy grew quickly
• Income tripled
• GI Bill ? College and for soldiers returning
  from the war
• Consumerism
• Spend money on luxury items
• Refrigerators, vacuum cleaners, coffee makers.
  Blenders, etc

46
The Baby Boom

• Baby Boomwhen men came home from the war, they
  started having babies
• One child born every seven seconds

47
Suburbia

• Families began moving to the suburbs
• Idealistic lifestyle
• Mass-produced homes
• Phoenix began growing
• Leave it to Beaver
• Happy Days
• VIDEO CLIP

48
Gender Roles

• Women started staying home with kids
• Reversed progress
• Happy Housewife
• Women encouraged to learn how to cook, clean and
  look beautiful for their husbands
• Video clip Lifestyles

49
Gender Roles

• Lets face it, that wonderful man in your house
  is providing you with many opportunities for you
  and your childrenall young married women should
  set their sights on a happy home, a host of happy
  friends and a bright future by helping minimize
  your husbands stress and supportive of his job.

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New Technology

• Televisions became affordable
• 80 of homes had a TV
• Variety shows, Kids/Family Shows and Westerns
  were popular
• Video Clip Technology

51
Music

• Rock and Roll
• Elvis Presley, Bill Haley Rock Around the Clock
  is considered the first Rock and Roll Song
• RB
• Chuck Berry, Little Richard, Fats Domino
• Video Clip Entertainment

52
Elvis gets drafted

• 1957 Elvis Presley gets drafted into the US Army
  and serves 2 years

53
Juvenile Delinquents/Bad Guys

• Cool to be bad/rebellious
• James Dean
• The Fonz
• Teenagers seek their identity and independence

54
The Red Menace

• Beginning in the 1940s, Truman was accused of
  harboring spies in the highest level of
  government
• Thousands of people were fired
• Alger Hiss
• Denied being a communist, sent to prison for
  perjury (5 yrs)
• Controversy guilty or not?
• Stationary salesman,
• Died in 1996

55
Joseph McCarthy

• Republican Senator from Wisconsin
• Made a list of people whom he accused of being
  communist spies
• Celebrities, reporters, etc
• Became a national figure
• Explosive allegations became national headlines
• Played into peoples fears
• USSR nuclear technology
• Fall of China
• Feud with Edward R. Murrow
• Movie Clip Good Night and Good Luck
• http//www.americanrhetoric.com/MovieSpeeches/movi
  espeechgoodnightandgoodluckmcarthy.html

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McCarthyism

• Reckless and unsubstantiated method of seek and
  destroy at all costs
• Intense paranoia against communism and personal
  character
• Video Clips
• McCarthyism
• Have You No Sense of Decency?

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HUAC

• House Un-American Activities Committee
• Investigative committee in the House of
  Representatives
• Investigate suspicious behavior
• Investigated Hollywood Celebrities
• Hollywood 10 Blacklist

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Hollywood Blacklist

• Movie stars were blacklisted based on political
  beliefs and associations
• Accused of being communists after refusing to
  assist HUAC investigations
• "Are you now or have you ever been a member of
  the communist party?"
• Many had a difficult time finding work afterwards
• Some gave names to the committee to take pressure
  off themselves

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Larry Adler, actor and musician Luther Adler,
actor and director Stella Adler, actress and
teacher Edith Atwater, actress Howard Bay,
scenic designer Ralph Bell, actor Leonard
Bernstein, composer and conductor Walter
Bernstein, screenwriter Michael Blankfort,
screenwriter Marc Blitzstein, composer True
Boardman, screenwriter Millen Brand, writer
Oscar Brand, folk singer Joseph Edward
Bromberg, actor Himan Brown, producer and
director John Brown, actor Abe Burrows,
playwright and lyricist Morris Carnovsky, actor
Vera Caspary, writer Edward Chodorov,
screenwriter and producer Jerome Chodorov,
writer Mady Christians, actress Lee J. Cobb,
actor Marc Connelly, playwright Aaron Copland,
composer Norman Corwin, writer Alan Lomax,
folklorist and musicologist Avon Long, actor and
singer Joseph Losey, director Peter Lyon,
television writer Aline MacMahon, actress Paul
Mann, director and teacher Waldo Salt,
screenwriter (Buhle and Wagner 2003 208) Bill
Scott, voice actor (Cohen 2004 178) Art Smith,
actor (Schwartz 1999) Lionel Stander, actor
Howard Da Silva, actor Roger De Koven, actor
Dean Dixon, conductor Olin Downes, music critic
Alfred Drake, actor Paul Draper, actor and
dancer Howard Duff, actor Clifford J. Durr,
attorney Richard Dyer-Bennett, folk singer José
Ferrer, actor Louise Fitch (Lewis), actress
Martin Gabel, actor Arthur Gaeth, radio
commentator William S. Gailmor, journalist and
radio commentator John Garfield, actor Will
Geer, actor Jack Gilford, actor Tom Glazer,
folk singer Ruth Gordon, actress and
screenwriter Lloyd Gough, actor Morton Gould,
pianist and composer Shirley Graham, writer Ben
Grauer, radio and TV personality Mitchell
Grayson, radio producer and director Horace
Grenell, conductor and music producer Uta Hagen,
actress and teacher Dashiell Hammett, writer E.
Y. "Yip" Harburg, composer Robert P. Heller,
television journalist Lillian Hellman,
playwright and screenwriter Nat Hiken, writer
and producer Michael Wilson, screenwriter
Rose Hobart, actress Judy Holliday, actress
Roderick B. Holmgren, journalist Lena Horne,
singer and actress Langston Hughes, writer
Marsha Hunt, actress Leo Hurwitz, director
Charles Irving, actor Burl Ives, folk singer
and actor Sam Jaffe, actor Leon Janney, actor
Joseph Julian, actor Garson Kanin, writer and
director George Keane, actor Donna Keath Pert
Kelton, actress Alexander Kendrick Adelaide
Klein, actress Felix Knight, singer and actor
Howard Koch screenwriter Tony Kraber, actor
Millard Lampell, screenwriter John La Touche,
lyricist Arthur Laurents, writer Gypsy Rose
Lee, actress and ecdysiast Madeline Lee,
actress1 Ray Lev, classical pianist Philip
Loeb, actor Ella Logan, actress and singer
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• Margo, actress and dancer
• Myron McCormick, actor
• Paul McGrath, radio actor
• Burgess Meredith, actor
• Arthur Miller, playwright
• Henry Morgan, radio and TV comedian
• Zero Mostel, actor
• Jean Muir, actress
• Meg Mundy, actress
• Lynn Murray
• Ben Myers
• Dorothy Parker, writer
• Arnold Perl, radio writer
• Minerva Pious, actress
• Samson Raphaelson, screenwriter and playwright
• Bernard Reis
• Anne Revere, actress
• Kenneth Roberts, writer
• Earl Robinson, composer and lyricist

Gale Sondergaard, actress Hester Sondergaard,
actress Lionel Stander, actor Johannes Steel,
journalist Paul Stewart, actor Elliott
Sullivan, actor William Sweets, radio
personality Helen Tamiris, choreographer Betty
Todd, director Louis Untermeyer, poet Hilda
Vaughn, actress J. Raymond Walsh, radio
commentator Sam Wanamaker, actor Theodore Ward,
playwright Fredi Washington, actress Margaret
Webster, actress, director and producer Orson
Welles, actor, writer and director Josh White,
blues musician Irene Wicker, singer and actress
Betty Winkler (Keane), actress Martin Wolfson,
actor Lesley Woods, actress Richard Yaffe,
journalis Phoebe Brand, actress (Schwartz 1999
Buhle and Wagner 2003 50) Charles Dagget,
animator (Cohen 2004 178) Phil Eastman, cartoon
writer (Cohen 2004 178) Carl Foreman, producer
and screenwriter (Buhle and Wagner 2003 xi)
Michael Gordon, director (Dick 1982 80) John
Hubley, animator (Cohen 2004 178) Lester
Koenig, producer (Herman 1997 356) Lewis
Leverett, actor (Schwartz 1999) John McGrew,
animator (Cohen 2004 178) Bill Melendez,
animator (Cohen 2004 178) Paula Miller, actress
(Schwartz 1999)
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Review McCarthyism

• Video clip (McCarthyism and Segregation)

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I Like Ike

• 1952 Presidential Election
• General Dwight Eisenhower elected (Republican)
• Campaigns against Korea, Communism and
  Corruption
• Promises to personally visit Korea
• First soldier since US Grant (Civil War) to be
  elected president

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National Interstate and Defense Highways Act

• Spend 25B to create 41,000 miles of highways
  across the United States in 10 years
• Assists with transportation and defense
• Even s E/W
• Odd s N/S

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Earl Warren

• President Eisenhower appointed Earl Warren to be
  chief justice
• Wanted to run for president
• Conservative/Republican governor of California

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Brown v. Board of Education

• Schools were segregated
• The system of separate but equal in public
  schools is not adequate because of inferior
  schools
• Oliver Brown was concerned about his daughters
  (Linda) school. Not only did it receive less
  funding, but there was a white school much
  closer to his house
• Hired famous lawyer Thurgood Marshall of the
  NAACP
• Challenged Jim Crow Laws (video clip)

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• Video Clip

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Brown v. Board of Education

• Unanimous decision
• Segregation of students in public schools
  violates the Equal Protection Clause of the
  Fourteenth Amendment, because separate facilities
  are inherently unequal. District Court of Kansas
  reversed.
• Ended Segregation
• Thurgood Marshall eventually becomes the first
  African American on the Supreme Court

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End of Segregation

• Decision of the courts outlawed segregation in
  all public schools immediately

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Desegregation

• Not everyone was happy with the decision
• Senator Henry Byrd (D-VA) organized a program to
  close schools, rather than desegregate
• Governor Orval Faubus of Arkansas
• George Wallace (1963)
• Eisenhower called Warren the biggest mistake of
  my presidency (too liberal)
• Eisenhower enforces law

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Little Rock Nine

• Governor Orval Faubus (Arkansas) called the
  National Guard to stop nine African American
  students from entering Little Rock High School
• Showdown with President Eisenhower who ordered
  the national guards to stand down
• Sent additional troops to Arkansas for protection
• Faubus shut down the schools for two years
  afterwards in retaliation
• Video Clip BvB and Little Rock Nine

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Rosa Parks

• One year after BvB, an African American woman
  named Rosa Parks was riding in a bus
• Refused to give up her seat to a white man
• People always say that I didn't give up my seat
  because I was tired, but that isn't true. I was
  not tired physically, or no more tired than I
  usually was at the end of a working day. I was
  not old, although some people have an image of me
  as being old then. I was forty-two. No, the only
  tired I was, was tired of giving in.

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Montgomery Bus Boycott

• African Americans began boycotting the busses
• Help from Martin Luther King
• Successful protest, segregation on public
  transportation declared unconstitutional
• Beginning of the Civil Rights Movement