The New South

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The New South
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Bourbon Triumvirate

• Redemption Era period after Reconstruction and
  before the New South
• Redeem the state from the hardships of
  Reconstruction (i.e.The Republican Party)
• The Bourbon Triumvirate Joseph Brown, Alfred
  Colquitt, and John Gordon
• Democrats who wanted stronger economic ties with
  northern industry but maintain old South
  traditions (White Supremacy)

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Joseph Brown

• Yale Law School
• Opened law office in Canton, GA
• State senator
• Judge
• N. Georgia farmer
• 1857 elected governor
• States rights activist
• Possible connections to KKK
• Annals records

Governor Joseph Brown
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Alfred Colquitt

• Princeton Law School
• Fought in Mexican War
• State senator
• Maj. Gen. in Confederate Army
• 1876 elected Governor
• State debt reduced
• New state constitution (1877)
• Political Ally one who shares a common cause

Alfred Colquitt
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John B. Gordon

• Lt. Gen. in Confederate Army
• Newspaper man
• Manager of coal mine
• Rumored Head of Georgias KKK during
  Reconstruction
• 1886 elected Governor
• Brought new industry to Georgia.

Lt. Gen. John B. Gordon
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The Bourbon Triumvirate

• Successes
• State taxes lowered
• State war debts reduced
• Business and industry expanded

• Failures
• Did not improve lives of poor
• Education suffered
• Did not reform prisons
• Poor working conditions in factories

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Convict Lease System

• Prisoners were leased (rented) to people who
  provided them with housing and food in exchange
  for labor (Slavery?)
• Repairing/building Railroads
• Farming
• Mining
• Rules ignored, such ashealth care, work on
  Sundays, adequate clothing and housing.
• Paid workers were not given work because of cheap
  Convict Lease SystemBourbon Triumvirate took
  advantage of this!

Chain gang in western North Carolina
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The 1906 Atlanta Riot

• Occurred Sept. 22nd- Sept. 24, 1906
• The Negro population grew from 9000 in 1880 to
  35, 000 in 1910.
• Growth caused increased competition for jobs and
  deepened class divisions.
• Articles printed in local newspapers evoked
  racial tension to riot level.
• 2 day rioting resulted in an unofficial death
  toll of 25-40 blacks and 2 whites
• The barbershop owned by Alonzo Herndon was
  damaged.

Atlanta Journal Constitution Headlines provoked
white men.
Riot made International News _France.
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Who is Alonzo Herndon?

• Was a Georgia native who became the wealthiest
  Black man in the city of Atlanta at the time of
  his death in1927.
• His businesses include a chain of barbershops and
  the most successful black-owned insurance co. in
  the nation.
• He owned 100 houses on Auburn Avenue.
• He was active an active member of the NAACP and
  founded the National Negro Business League.

Alonzo Herndon
Alonzo Herndons house
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Rebecca and William Felton

• Roots of Populist Movement
• Led a group of independent Democrats against the
  Triumvirate
• From Cartersville
• William Felton U.S. Congressman served in GA
  General Assembly
• Worked to improve education, prison reform, and
  paved the way for controls and limits on alcohol.

Rebecca Latimer Felton
Picture of 1930 Prohibition
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Rebecca Felton

• A leader towards suffrage-votes, particularly for
  women.
• Pushed for temperance-anti-alcohol
• Popular writer for the Atlanta Journal
• Used paper as a forum (Way to communicate
  ideasTV, paper, radio, speech)
• Began Georgia Training School for Girls in
  Atlanta
• With Margaret Olivia Slocum Sage
• First female U.S. Senator in nations history
• Replaced another Senator due to death (24 hours

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The New South

• New South A phrase used to describe southern
  progress in the late 1800sIndustry!
• Henry W. Grady first to use the phraseeditor
  for the Atlanta Daily Journal

Henry W. Grady
The international Cotton Exposition
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The International Cotton Exposition

• In 1881, as part of his New South Program, Henry
  Grady promoted Georgia's first International
  Cotton Exposition
• The exposition attracted 200,000 paid visitors
  during its two and a half month run and showed
  the country that Georgia was ready for more
  industry

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Booker T. Washington

• Born as a slave
• (Emancipation Proclamation set him free.)
• Young boy got up at 4a.m. to work in salt mines
  went to school in the p.m.
• Age of 22 became an instructor at Hampton
  Institute (a school for black students) later
  became the principal.
• 1881 - Founded Tuskegee Institute in Alabama (The
  Tuskegee Institute was the training ground for
  the Tuskegee Airmen, the famous all-black flying
  squadron of World War II.
• recognized as the nation's foremost black
  educator.

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Booker T. Washington (cont.)

• called for whites to take the initiative in
  improving social and economic relations between
  the races.
• His ideas of shared responsibility and the
  importance of education over equality came to be
  known as the Atlanta Compromise.

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Jim Crow laws

• Jim Crow - term used for practices and rules that
  discriminate along color lines.
• System of segregation
• Jim Crow was the stage name of a white minstrel
  (comedian)
• who performed in Black face makeup in the late
  1800s.
• His act caricatured blacks.
• The name Jim Crow came to stand for all the
  segregation laws that were instituted in the
  South after the Civil War.

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Plessy v. Ferguson

• The Plessy v. Ferguson Supreme Court

• Court case heard in the Supreme Court
• Case originated in Lousiana in 1896
• Upheld segregation and deemed legal and long as
  facilities were separate but equal
• Ruling in this case justified racial segregation
  for 50 years

The Plessy v. Ferguson Supreme Court
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Populist

• Populism was a political party know as the People
  Party.
• The populist wanted the government to do more to
  regulate the economy so that farmers could earn
  more money for their crops.
• Populist encouraged farmers to work together for
  their cause through alliances
• Most of these farmers were white, but were some
  African-American Populists

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The Populist Party

• The Farmers Alliance joined with labor
  organizations (unions) to form this new political
  party.
• Platform
• 8-hour workday
• Govt ownership of railroad, telephone, and
  telegraph
• Graduated federal income tax
• Direct election of U.S. Senators
• Restriction of immigration
• Use of Australian Ballot
• Ballot printed by govt, distributed at voting
  places, and collected in secret sealed boxes.
• 1892 Election Democrat Grover Cleveland
  wonPopulist candidate James B. Weaver

James B. Weaver
White and black farmers
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Tom Watson

• Georgias best known Populist.
• 1882 elected to Georgia General Assembly
• 1890 elected to Congress with backing of
  Farmers Alliance
• Introduced the Rural Free Delivery Bill (RFD)
  required the postmaster general to find a way to
  deliver mail to rural homes free of charge
• Warren County 1st in GA
• 1896 ran as vice-president under William
  Jennings Bryant (Lost)

Conti
Tom Watson, Populist
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Conti

• Tom Watson become the most powerful voice for
  populism in GA and of the most powerful in the
  nation.
• Watson was frustrated that the Democrats werent
  doing enough to help the farmers
• He left the party and become populist
• He found it hard to defend himself against white
  racism

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W.E.B Du Bois

• (1868-1963)
• A prominent professor at Atlanta University in
  1897.
• Criticized the idea of accommodationism.
• Believed the idea accepted the racism of southern
  whites.
• Thought Blacks should fight for total racial
  equality.

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W.E.B Du Bois

• Founded the Niagra Movement.
• Civil Rights Activists gathered at Niagra Falls
  and listed demands, which included the end of
  segregation and discrimination.

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W.E.B Du Bois

• Founded the Niagra Movement.
• Civil Rights Activists gathered at Niagra Falls
  and listed demands, which included the end of
  segregation and discrimination.

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John and Lugenia Hope

• John and Lugenia Burns Hope devoted their time
  advancing civil rights and education for African
  Americans.
• John Hope
• became the first African American president of
  Morehouse College in 1906.
• became the first African American president of
  Atlanta University.
• Atlanta University became the first college in
  the nation to offer graduate education for
  African Americans.
• supported public education, healthcare, job
  opportunities, and recreational facilities for
  African Americans.

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John and Lugenia Hope

• Lugenia Hope
• Worked for many organizations to assist African
  Americans in GA.
• created the first woman-run social welfare agency
  for African Americans in GA.
• was a member of the National Association of
  Colored Women (NACW).

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Leo Frank Case

• Leo Frank was a Jewish man from Georgia who was
  lynched, or hung, by a mob because of
  anti-Semitism.
• Frank was accused of murdering a young girl
  employee.
• The governor of Georgia, John Slaton, reviewed
  Franks case and eventually decided that Frank
  was innocent.

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Leo Frank Case

• However, anti-Semites lynched Frank before he
  could enjoy his freedom.
• Anti-Semitism - a belief system against Jewish
  people.

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Disenfranchisement

• Disenfranchisement - the act of denying a person
  the right to vote
• Disenfranchisement of African American men was
  accomplished partly by poll taxes, property
  tests, and literacy tests. A poll tax was a fee
  that a voter had to pay in order to vote. A voter
  also had to demonstrate that he owned property.

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Disenfranchisement

• Formerly enslaved men were given the right to
  vote by the Fifteenth Amendment.
• Many southern whites felt this right was a threat
  to their way of life.
• Southern states made it more difficult for
  African American men to vote.
• Poll taxes and property tests prevented many poor
  people, including African Americans, from voting.

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Disenfranchisement

• Voters were required to pass a literacy test,
  which determined their ability to read and write.
  
• Most African Americans could not pass this test
  because under slavery, they had not been allowed
  to learn to read and write.
• These laws also prevented poor, uneducated whites
  from voting.

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Disenfranchisement

• Southern lawmakers did not want to lose the votes
  of whites.
• They passed a law called the grandfather clause.
• The grandfather clause stated that if a person
  had an ancestor who had been allowed to vote
  before 1867, he was permitted to vote.
• Since 1867 was the first year that African
  Americans were allowed to vote, the grandfather
  clause only helped whites.

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Disenfranchisement

• White primaries also denied African American men
  the right to vote.
• A primary is an initial election in which the
  voters of a political party nominate candidates.
• In many states, the Democratic Party would not
  allow African Americans to be members.

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County Unit System

• In 1917, Georgia established the county unit
  system. This was a way of giving votes in primary
  elections.
• Each county was given a certain number of votes,
  called unit votes.
• Three categories urban, town, and rural.

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County Unit System

• The candidate who received the most votes in a
  county won all of the unit votes given to that
  county.
• The problem with this system was that it did not
  always represent what the population wanted.
• As a result, the county unit system was
  eventually abolished.

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Civil Rights Advocates

• During the years between 1877 and 1918, many
  significant changes in civil rights took place in
  the state of Georgia. Many civil rights advocates
  of this period were educators, however,
  businesspeople also played a role. In the
  approximately fifty years following the Civil
  War, colleges in Georgia had begun to serve
  African Americans. The availability of education
  for former slaves was a great advance in civil
  rights.

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Racial Violence

• Race riots and the terrorist activities of the
  KKK increased at this time. As African Americans
  gained more power, whites reacted with fear and
  violence. Often, whites would attack African
  Americans in groups, such as in the race riots in
  Atlanta in 1906. Such events occurred throughout
  the South. This violence continued for decades,
  with lynching becoming an increasingly common
  event throughout the South. Not until the civil
  rights movement of the 1960s, would violence
  against African Americans slow in the region.

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Exit Ticket

• 1. Who were the three men called the Bourbon
  Triumvirate?
• 2. What was 1 success and 1 failure of the
  Bourbon Triumvirate?
• 3. What were 2 problems with the convict lease
  system?
• 4. When did the Atlanta Race Riots occur?
• 5. Why was Rebecca Latimer Felton important?