LATIN%20ADJECTIVES%20AND%20ADVERBS

1
LATIN ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
2
GENERAL PRINCIPLES

• As in French, Latin adjectives can go before or
  after a noun. They more often go after the noun.
• Also as in French, the forms of adjectives change
  depending on whether the noun is singular or
  plural and on its gender.
• Latin is a little more complicated because
• There are three genders masculine, feminine and
  neuter
• Adjectives also change according to the
  grammatical role of the noun it goes with e.g.
  the endings are different when the noun is the
  subject of a verb from when it is the object

3
ADJECTIVES IN -US, -A, -UM

• These adjectives have masculine endings like
  servus, feminine ones like ancilla and neuter
  ones like tablinum
• So, the singular subject endings are Masc us,
  Fem -a, Neut -um and the singular object
  endings are Masc -um, Fem -am, Neut -um
• Look at these examples with puer, leo, umbrivir ,
  liber (masculine). puella, regina (feminine) and
  computatrum (neuter)
• Puer malus puellam bonam pulsat. The bad boy hits
  the good girl the boy is subject as he does the
  hitting, the girl is object as she gets hit!
• Regina bona leonem ignavum spectat. The good
  queen looks at a lazy lion. the queen is subject
  as she does the looking, the lion is object as he
  gets looked at leonem has em for the object
  ending but ignavum keeps um as it is an us, -a,
  -um adjective
• Computatrum insanum me terret. The crazy computer
  frightens me the computer is subject as it does
  the terrifying!
• Puella irata computatrum stultum pulsat. An angry
  girl hits a stupid computer. the girl does the
  hitting, the computer gets hit notice the
  neuter keeps the same form whether it is subject
  or object
• Umbrivir insanus librum magnum tenet. A crazy
  gweilo is holding a big book. the gweilo does
  the holding, the book gets held

4
ADJECTIVES IN -US, -A, -UM (PLURAL)

• The plural subject endings are Masc i, Fem
  -ae, Neut -a and the plural object endings are
  Masc -os, Fem -as, Neut -a
• Look at these sentences with the same nouns in
  the plural
• Pueri mali puellas bonas pulsant. The bad boys
  hit the good girls the boys are subject as they
  do the hitting, the girls are object as they get
  hit!
• Reginae bonae leones ignavos spectant. The good
  queens look at lazy lions. the queens are
  subject as they do the looking, the lions are
  object as they get looked at leones has es for
  the object ending but ignavos keeps os as it is
  an us, -a, -um adjective
• Computatra insana me terrent. The crazy computers
  frighten me the computer is subject as it does
  the terrifying!
• Puellae iratae computatra stulta pulsant. Angry
  girls hit stupid computers. the girls do the
  hitting, the computers get hit notice the
  neuter keeps the same form whether it is subject
  or object
• Umbriviri insani libros magnos tenent. Crazy
  gweilos are holding big books. the gweilos do
  the holding, the books get held

5
THE ER VARIATION

• A few adjectives (like a few nouns in the 2nd.
  Declension) have a Masculine Nominative singular
  ending -er instead of us
• miser (miserable, wretched) liber (free)
• sacer (sacred) pulcher (beautiful)
• All the other forms of such adjectives (i.e. the
  other masculine cases and all of the Feminine and
  Neuter ones) add the normal endings after the r,
  with the preceding e sometimes retained and
  sometimes dropped
• (keeping e) miser, misera, miserum
• liber, libera, liberum
• (dropping e) sacer, sacra, sacrum
• pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum

6
Now answer each question and check your answer
with the following slide

• What form of bonus goes with a feminine plural
  object?
• ?

7

• What form of bonus goes with a feminine plural
  object?
• bonas

8

• What form of bonus goes with a masculine singular
  subject?
• ?

9

• What form of bonus goes with a masculine singular
  subject?
• bonus

10

• What form of bonus goes with a feminine singular
  subject?
• ?

11

• What form of bonus goes with a feminine singular
  subject?
• bona

12

• What form of bonus goes with a neuter singular
  subject?
• ?

13

• What form of bonus goes with a neuter singular
  subject?
• bonum

14

• What form of bonus goes with a masculine singular
  object?
• ?

15

• What form of bonus goes with a masculine singular
  object?
• bonum

16

• What form of bonus goes with a feminine singular
  object?
• ?

17

• What form of bonus goes with a feminine singular
  object?
• bonam

18

• What form of bonus goes with a neuter singular
  object?
• ?

19

• What form of bonus goes with a neuter singular
  object?
• bonum

20

• What form of bonus goes with a masculine plural
  subject?
• ?

21

• What form of bonus goes with a masculine plural
  subject?
• boni

22

• What form of bonus goes with a feminine plural
  subject?
• ?

23

• What form of bonus goes with a feminine plural
  subject?
• bonae

24

• What form of bonus goes with a neuter plural
  subject?
• ?

25

• What form of bonus goes with a neuter plural
  subject?
• bona

26

• What form of bonus goes with a masculine plural
  object?
• ?

27

• What form of bonus goes with a masculine plural
  object?
• bonos

28

• What form of bonus goes with a feminine plural
  object?
• ?

29

• What form of bonus goes with a feminine plural
  object?
• bonas

30

• What form of bonus goes with a neuter plural
  object?
• ?

31

• What form of bonus goes with a neuter plural
  object?
• bona

32
Now choose an adjective from the list to go in
each of the blanks in the sentences

• magnus (big), stultas (foolish), probae (honest),
  parva (small), insanos (crazy), Graeci (Greek),
  album (white), mea (my)
• Puella ________ cenam coquit.
• Leo _________ in horto ambulat. (leo is
  masculine)
• Caecilius mercatores _________ salutat.
  (mercatores, m.)
• Librum _______ in mensam pono. (liber, m.)
• Pueri ________ theatrum spectant.
• Pocula ________ sunt in cubiculo. (poculum, n.)
• Reginas ________ non amamus (regina queen)
• Feminae _________ Quintum delectant.

33
Now choose an adjective from the list to go in
each of the blanks in the sentences

• magnus (big), stultas (foolish), probae (honest),
  parva (small), insanos (crazy), Graeci (Greek),
  album (white), mea (my)
• Puella __parva/mea__ cenam coquit.
• Leo _________ in horto ambulat. (leo is
  masculine)
• Caecilius mercatores _________ salutat.
  (mercatores, m.)
• Librum _______ in mensam pono. (liber, m.)
• Pueri ________ theatrum spectant.
• Pocula ________ sunt in cubiculo. (poculum, n.)
• Reginas ________ non amamus (regina queen)
• Feminae _________ Quintum delectant.

34
Now choose an adjective from the list to go in
each of the blanks in the sentences

• magnus (big), stultas (foolish), probae (honest),
  parva (small), insanos (crazy), Graeci (Greek),
  album (white), mea (my)
• Puella __parva/mea__ cenam coquit.
• Leo ___magnus_ in horto ambulat. (leo is
  masculine)
• Caecilius mercatores _________ salutat.
  (mercatores, m.)
• Librum _______ in mensam pono. (liber, m.)
• Pueri ________ theatrum spectant.
• Pocula ________ sunt in cubiculo. (poculum, n.)
• Reginas ________ non amamus (regina queen)
• Feminae _________ Quintum delectant.

35
Now choose an adjective from the list to go in
each of the blanks in the sentences

• magnus (big), stultas (foolish), probae (honest),
  parva (small), insanos (crazy), Graeci (Greek),
  album (white), mea (my)
• Puella __parva/mea__ cenam coquit.
• Leo __magnus__ in horto ambulat. (leo is
  masculine)
• Caecilius mercatores _ insanos _ salutat.
  (mercatores, m.)
• Librum _______ in mensam pono. (liber, m.)
• Pueri ________ theatrum spectant.
• Pocula ________ sunt in cubiculo. (poculum, n.)
• Reginas ________ non amamus (regina queen)
• Feminae _________ Quintum delectant.

36
Now choose an adjective from the list to go in
each of the blanks in the sentences

• magnus (big), stultas (foolish), probae (honest),
  parva (small), insanos (crazy), Graeci (Greek),
  album (white), mea (my)
• Puella __ parva/mea _ cenam coquit.
• Leo _ magnus _ in horto ambulat. (leo is
  masculine)
• Caecilius mercatores insanos salutat.
  (mercatores, m.)
• Librum _album_ in mensam pono.. (liber, m.)
• Pueri ______ theatrum spectant.
• Pocula _________ sunt in cubiculo (poculum, n.)
• Reginas ________ non amamus (regina queen)
• Feminae _________ Quintum delectant.

37
Now choose an adjective from the list to go in
each of the blanks in the sentences

• magnus (big), stultas (foolish), probae (honest),
  parva (small), insanos (crazy), Graeci (Greek),
  album (white), mea (my)
• Puella __ parva/mea _ cenam coquit.
• Leo _ magnus _ in horto ambulat. (leo is
  masculine)
• Caecilius mercatores insanos salutat.
  (mercatores, m.)
• Librum _album_ in mensam pono.. (liber, m.)
• Pueri _Graeci _ theatrum spectant.
• Pocula _________ sunt in cubiculo (poculum, n.)
• Reginas _________ non amamus (regina queen)
• Feminae __________ Quintum delectant.

38
Now choose an adjective from the list to go in
each of the blanks in the sentences

• magnus (big), stultas (foolish), probae (honest),
  parva (small), insanos (crazy), Graeci (Greek),
  album (white), mea (my)
• Puella __ parva/mea _ cenam coquit.
• Leo _ magnus _ in horto ambulat. (leo is
  masculine)
• Caecilius mercatores insanos salutat.
  (mercatores, m.)
• Librum _album_ in mensam pono.. (liber, m.)
• Pueri _Graeci _ theatrum spectant.
• Pocula _parva/mea_ sunt in cubiculo (poculum, n.)
  
• Reginas ________ non amamus (regina queen)
• Feminae ________ Quintum delectant.

39
Now choose an adjective from the list to go in
each of the blanks in the sentences

• magnus (big), stultas (foolish), probae (honest),
  parva (small), insanos (crazy), Graeci (Greek),
  album (white), mea (my)
• Puella __ parva/mea _ cenam coquit.
• Leo _ magnus _ in horto ambulat. (leo is
  masculine)
• Caecilius mercatores insanos salutat.
  (mercatores, m.)
• Librum _album_ in mensam pono.. (liber, m.)
• Pueri _Graeci _ theatrum spectant.
• Pocula _parva/mea_ sunt in cubiculo (poculum, n.)
  
• Reginas _ stultas _ non amamus (regina queen)
• Feminae __________ Quintum delectant.

40
Now choose an adjective from the list to go in
each of the blanks in the sentences

• magnus (big), stultas (foolish), probae (honest),
  parva (small), insanos (crazy), Graeci (Greek),
  album (white), mea (my)
• Puella __ parva/mea _ cenam coquit.
• Leo _ magnus _ in horto ambulat. (leo is
  masculine)
• Caecilius mercatores insanos salutat.
  (mercatores, m.)
• Librum _album_ in mensam pono.. (liber, m.)
• Pueri _Graeci _ theatrum spectant.
• Pocula _parva/mea_ sunt in cubiculo (poculum, n.)
  
• Reginas _ stultas _ non amamus (regina queen)
• Feminae __probae_ Quintum delectant.

41
ADJECTIVES IN -US, -A, -UMGENITIVE, DATIVE,
ABLATIVE

• The singular Genitive (possessive) endings are
  Masc i, Fem -ae, Neut -i, the singular
  Dative (indirect object) endings are Masc -o,
  Fem -ae, Neuter o, and the singular Ablative
  endings Masc -o, Fem -a, Neuter o
• Look at these examples with puer, leo, umbrivir ,
  liber (masculine). puella, regina (feminine),
  computatrum (neuter) and amicus (masculine)
• Puer puellae bonae pecuniam dat. The boy gives
  the good girl money
• Regina leoni ignavo cibum dat. The queen gives
  food to a lazy lion. the ending on ignavo is
  not the same as on leoni because the adjective
  and the noun belong to different declensions, but
  the gender and case are the same (masculine
  Dative singular).
• Liber pueri insani est in mensa. The crazy boys
  book is on the table
• Ubi est computatrum puellae iratae? Where is
  the angry girls computer?
• Servus reginae ignavae librum regis probi tenet.
  The slave of the lazy queen is holding the honest
  kings book.
• Cum amico caro ambulo. I am walking with a dear
  friend.

42
ADJECTIVES IN -US, -A, -UMGENITIVE, DATIVE,
ABLATIVE (PLURAL)

• The plural Genitive endings Masc orum, Fem
  -arum, Neut - orum and the plural Dative and
  Ablative ending is -is for all genders
• Look at these examples with puer, leo, umbrivir ,
  liber (masculine). puella, regina (feminine) and
  computatrum (neuter)
• Puer puellis bonis pecuniam dat. The boy gives
  the good girls money
• Regina leonibus ignavis cibum dat. The queen
  gives food to the lazy lions. the ending on
  ignavis is not the same as on leonibus because
  the adjective and the noun belong to different
  declensions, but the gender, number and case are
  the same (masculine dative plural).
• Libri puerorum insanorum sunt in mensa. The
  crazy boys books are on the table
• Ubi sunt computatra puellarum iratarum? Where
  are the angry girls computers?
• Servi reginarum ignavarum libros regum proborum
  tenent. The slaves of the lazy queens are holding
  the honest kings books.
• Amici militum proborum sunt in villa. The
  friends of the honest soldiers are in the villa.
• Marcus cum puellis pulchris ludit. Marcus is
  playing with the beautiful girls

43
Now choose an adjective from the list to go in
each of the blanks in the sentences

• magnis (big), stultae (foolish), proborum
  (honest), parvo (small), insani (crazy), Graeco
  (Greek), albis (white), meorum (my)
• Puellae ________ pecuniam non do.
• Leonibus _________ non credimus.
• Caecilius verba mercatorum _________ audit.
  (mercator,, m.)
• Felibus _______ aquam dare necesse est.
• Fabula domini ________ me minime delectat
• Servo ________ ancilla non placet.
• Cani ________ cibum dedi (canis, m.)
• Vidistine libros amicorum _________ ?

44
Now choose an adjective from the list to go in
each of the blanks in the sentences

• magnis (big), stultae (foolish), proborum
  (honest), parvo (small), insani (crazy), Graeco
  (Greek), albis (white), meorum (my)
• Puellae __stultae____ pecuniam non do.
• Leonibus ______________________ non credimus.
• Caecilius verba mercatorum ______________________
  audit. (mercator, m.)
• Felibus _________________ aquam dare necesse est.
  
• Fabula domini _________ me minime delectat
• Servo _________________ ancilla non placet.
• Cani ___________________ cibum dedi (canis, m.)
• Vidistine libros amicorum _______________________
  ?

45
Now choose an adjective from the list to go in
each of the blanks in the sentences

• magnis (big), stultae (foolish), proborum
  (honest), parvo (small), insani (crazy), Graeco
  (Greek), albis (white), meorum (my)
• Puellae __stultae____ pecuniam non do.
• Leonibus __ magnis/ albis _______ non credimus.
• Caecilius verba mercatorum ______________________
  audit. (mercator, m.)
• Felibus _________________ aquam dare necesse est.
  
• Fabula domini _________ me minime delectat
• Servo _________________ ancilla non placet.
• Cani ___________________ cibum dedi (canis, m.)
• Vidistine libros amicorum _______________________
  ?

46
Now choose an adjective from the list to go in
each of the blanks in the sentences

• magnis (big), stultae (foolish), proborum
  (honest), parvo (small), insani (crazy), Graeco
  (Greek), albis (white), meorum (my)
• Puellae __stultae____ pecuniam non do.
• Leonibus __ magnis/ albis _______ non credimus.
• Caecilius verba mercatorum ___ proborum/ meorum _
  audit. (mercator, m.)
• Felibus _________________ aquam dare necesse est.
  
• Fabula domini _________ me minime delectat
• Servo _________________ ancilla non placet.
• Cani ___________________ cibum dedi (canis, m.)
• Vidistine libros amicorum _______________________
  ?

47
Now choose an adjective from the list to go in
each of the blanks in the sentences

• magnis (big), stultae (foolish), proborum
  (honest), parvo (small), insani (crazy), Graeco
  (Greek), albis (white), meorum (my)
• Puellae __stultae____ pecuniam non do.
• Leonibus __ magnis/ albis _______ non credimus.
• Caecilius verba mercatorum ___ proborum/ meorum _
  audit. (mercator, m.)
• Felibus __ magnis/ albis __ aquam dare necesse
  est.
• Fabula domini _________ me minime delectat
• Servo _________________ ancilla non placet.
• Cani ___________________ cibum dedi (canis, m.)
• Vidistine libros amicorum _______________________
  ?

48
Now choose an adjective from the list to go in
each of the blanks in the sentences

• magnis (big), stultae (foolish), proborum
  (honest), parvo (small), insani (crazy), Graeco
  (Greek), albis (white), meorum (my)
• Puellae __stultae____ pecuniam non do.
• Leonibus __ magnis/ albis _______ non credimus.
• Caecilius verba mercatorum ___ proborum/ meorum _
  audit. (mercator, m.)
• Felibus __ magnis/ albis __ aquam dare necesse
  est.
• Fabula domini __ insani _ me minime delectat
• Servo _________________ ancilla non placet.
• Cani ___________________ cibum dedi (canis, m.)
• Vidistine libros amicorum _______________________
  ?

49
Now choose an adjective from the list to go in
each of the blanks in the sentences

• magnis (big), stultae (foolish), proborum
  (honest), parvo (small), insani (crazy), Graeco
  (Greek), albis (white), meorum (my)
• Puellae __stultae____ pecuniam non do.
• Leonibus __ magnis/ albis _______ non credimus.
• Caecilius verba mercatorum ___ proborum/ meorum _
  audit. (mercator, m.)
• Felibus __ magnis/ albis __ aquam dare necesse
  est.
• Fabula domini __ insani _ me minime delectat
• Servo __ parvo/ Graeco _ ancilla non placet.
• Cani ___________________ cibum dedi (canis, m.)
• Vidistine libros amicorum _______________________
  ?

50
Now choose an adjective from the list to go in
each of the blanks in the sentences

• magnis (big), stultae (foolish), proborum
  (honest), parvo (small), insani (crazy), Graeco
  (Greek), albis (white), meorum (my)
• Puellae __stultae____ pecuniam non do.
• Leonibus __ magnis/ albis _______ non credimus.
• Caecilius verba mercatorum ___ proborum/ meorum _
  audit. (mercator, m.)
• Felibus __ magnis/ albis __ aquam dare necesse
  est.
• Fabula domini __ insani _ me minime delectat
• Servo __ parvo/ Graeco _ ancilla non placet.
• Cani ___ parvo/ Graeco __ cibum dedi (canis,
  m.)
• Vidistine libros amicorum _______________________
  ?

51
Now choose an adjective from the list to go in
each of the blanks in the sentences

• magnis (big), stultae (foolish), proborum
  (honest), parvo (small), insani (crazy), Graeco
  (Greek), albis (white), meorum (my)
• Puellae __stultae____ pecuniam non do.
• Leonibus __ magnis/ albis _______ non credimus.
• Caecilius verba mercatorum ___ proborum/ meorum _
  audit. (mercator, m.)
• Felibus __ magnis/ albis __ aquam dare necesse
  est.
• Fabula domini __ insani _ me minime delectat
• Servo __ parvo/ Graeco _ ancilla non placet.
• Cani ___ parvo/ Graeco __ cibum dedi (canis,
  m.)
• Vidistine libros amicorum __ proborum/ meorum ___
  ?

52
THE FULL SET OF ENDINGS FOR BONUS - SINGULAR
Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative bonus bona bonum
Accusative
Genitive
Dative
Ablative
53
THE FULL SET OF ENDINGS FOR BONUS - SINGULAR
Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative bonus bona bonum
Accusative bonum bonam bonum
Genitive
Dative
Ablative
54
THE FULL SET OF ENDINGS FOR BONUS - SINGULAR
Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative bonus bona bonum
Accusative bonum bonam bonum
Genitive boni bonae boni
Dative
Ablative
55
THE FULL SET OF ENDINGS FOR BONUS - SINGULAR
Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative bonus bona bonum
Accusative bonum bonam bonum
Genitive boni bonae boni
Dative bono bonae bono
Ablative
56
THE FULL SET OF ENDINGS FOR BONUS - SINGULAR
Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative bonus bona bonum
Accusative bonum bonam bonum
Genitive boni bonae boni
Dative bono bonae bono
Ablative bono bona bono
57
THE FULL SET OF ENDINGS FOR BONUS - PLURAL
Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative boni bonae bona
Accusative
Genitive
Dative
Ablative
58
THE FULL SET OF ENDINGS FOR BONUS - PLURAL
Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative boni bonae bona
Accusative bonos bonas bona
Genitive
Dative
Ablative
59
THE FULL SET OF ENDINGS FOR BONUS - PLURAL
Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative boni bonae bona
Accusative bonos bonas bona
Genitive bonorum bonarum bonorum
Dative
Ablative
60
THE FULL SET OF ENDINGS FOR BONUS - PLURAL
Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative boni bonae bona
Accusative bonos bonas bona
Genitive bonorum bonarum bonorum
Dative bonis bonis bonis
Ablative
61
THE FULL SET OF ENDINGS FOR BONUS - PLURAL
Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative boni bonae bona
Accusative bonos bonas bona
Genitive bonorum bonarum bonorum
Dative bonis bonis bonis
Ablative bonis bonis bonis
62
ADJECTIVES IN IS, -E
M F (Sing) Neut (Sing) M F (Plr) Neut (Plr)
Nominative omnis omne omnes omnia
Accusative
Genitive
Dative
Ablative
63
ADJECTIVES IN IS, -E
M F (Sing) Neut (Sing) M F (Plr) Neut (Plr)
Nominative omnis omne omnes omnia
Accusative omnem omne omnes/is omnia
Genitive
Dative
Ablative
64
ADJECTIVES IN IS, -E
M F (Sing) Neut (Sing) M F (Plr) Neut (Plr)
Nominative omnis omne omnes omnia
Accusative omnem omne omnes/is omnia
Genitive omnis omnis omnium omnium
Dative
Ablative
65
ADJECTIVES IN IS, -E
M F (Sing) Neut (Sing) M F (Plr) Neut (Plr)
Nominative omnis omne omnes omnia
Accusative omnem omne omnes/is omnia
Genitive omnis omnis omnium omnium
Dative omni omni omnibus omnibus
Ablative
66
ADJECTIVES IN IS, -E
M F (Sing) Neut (Sing) M F (Plr) Neut (Plr)
Nominative omnis omne omnes omnia
Accusative omnem omne omnes/is omnia
Genitive omnis omnis omnium omnium
Dative omni omni omnibus omnibus
Ablative omni omni omnibus omnibus
67
ADJECTIVES IN X
M F (Sing) Neut (Sing) M F (Plr) Neut (Plr)
Nominative ferox ferox feroces ferocia
Accusative
Genitive
Dative
Ablative
68
ADJECTIVES IN X
M F (Sing) Neut (Sing) M F (Plr) Neut (Plr)
Nominative ferox ferox feroces ferocia
Accusative ferocem ferox feroces/is ferocia
Genitive
Dative
Ablative
69
ADJECTIVES IN X
M F (Sing) Neut (Sing) M F (Plr) Neut (Plr)
Nominative ferox ferox feroces ferocia
Accusative ferocem ferox feroces/is ferocia
Genitive ferocis ferocis ferocium ferocium
Dative
Ablative
70
ADJECTIVES IN X
M F (Sing) Neut (Sing) M F (Plr) Neut (Plr)
Nominative ferox ferox feroces ferocia
Accusative ferocem ferox feroces/is ferocia
Genitive ferocis ferocis ferocium ferocium
Dative feroci feroci ferocibus ferocibus
Ablative
71
ADJECTIVES IN X
M F (Sing) Neut (Sing) M F (Plr) Neut (Plr)
Nominative ferox ferox feroces ferocia
Accusative ferocem ferox feroces/is ferocia
Genitive ferocis ferocis ferocium ferocium
Dative feroci feroci ferocibus ferocibus
Ablative feroci feroci ferocibus ferocibus
72
Now choose an adjective from the list to go in
each of the blanks in the sentences

• facilem (easy), gracilibus (slender), difficilia
  (difficult), militaria (military), leves
  (light), talium (such), simplici (simple),
  speciali (special)
• Nunc cum amico ________ ludo.
• Iuvenes puellis __________ multa dona dant.
• Magister vult nos verba _________ discere.
  (verbum, n.)
• Servi armamenta _________ ad urbem portant.
• Fabulam ________ legere volumus.
• Filiis patrum ________ credere non possumus.
• Cur quaestioni ________ responsum non dedisti?
• Milites nostri gladios _________ habent.

73
Now choose an adjective from the list to go in
each of the blanks in the sentences

• facilem (easy), gracilibus (slender), difficilia
  (difficult), militaria (military), leves
  (light), talium (such), simplici (simple),
  speciali (special)
• Nunc cum amico __ speciali/simplici ___ ludo.
• Iuvenes puellis ____________ multa dona dant.
• Magister vult nos verba _________ discere.
  (verbum, n.)
• Servi armamenta _____________ ad urbem portant.
• Fabulam ___________ legere volumus.
• Filiis patrum _________ credere non possumus.
• Cur quaestioni _____________ responsum non
  dedisti?
• Milites nostri gladios _______ habent.

74
Now choose an adjective from the list to go in
each of the blanks in the sentences

• facilem (easy), gracilibus (graceful), difficilia
  (difficult), militaria (military), leves
  (light), talium (such), simplici (simple),
  speciali (special)
• Nunc cum amico __ speciali/simplici ___ ludo.
• Iuvenes puellis _ gracilibus _ multa dona dant.
• Magister vult nos verba _________ discere.
  (verbum, n.)
• Servi armamenta _____________ ad urbem portant.
• Fabulam ___________ legere volumus.
• Filiis patrum _________ credere non possumus.
• Cur quaestioni _____________ responsum non
  dedisti
• Milites nostri gladios _______ habent.

75
Now choose an adjective from the list to go in
each of the blanks in the sentences

• facilem (easy), gracilibus (slender), difficilia
  (difficult), militaria (military), leves
  (light), talium (such), simplici (simple),
  speciali (special)
• Nunc cum amico __ speciali/simplici ___ ludo.
• Iuvenes puellis _ gracilibus _ multa dona dant.
• Magister vult nos verba _difficilia_ discere.
  (verbum, n.)
• Servi armamenta _____________ ad urbem portant.
• Fabulam ___________ legere volumus.
• Filiis patrum _________ credere non possumus.
• Cur quaestioni _____________ responsum non
  dedisti?
• Milites nostri gladios _______ habent.

76
Now choose an adjective from the list to go in
each of the blanks in the sentences

• facilem (easy), gracilibus (slender), difficilia
  (difficult), militaria (military), leves
  (light), talium (such), simplici (simple),
  speciali (special)
• Nunc cum amico __ speciali/simplici ___ ludo.
• Iuvenes puellis _ gracilibus _ multa dona dant.
• Magister vult nos verba _difficilia_ discere.
  (verbum, n.)
• Servi armamenta _ militaria __ ad urbem portant.
• Fabulam ___________ legere volumus.
• Filiis patrum _________ credere non possumus.
• Cur quaestioni _____________ responsum non
  dedisti?
• Milites nostri gladios _______ habent.

77
Now choose an adjective from the list to go in
each of the blanks in the sentences

• facilem (easy), gracilibus (slender), difficilia
  (difficult), militaria (military), leves
  (light), talium (such), simplici (simple),
  speciali (special)
• Nunc cum amico __ speciali/simplici ___ ludo.
• Iuvenes puellis _ gracilibus _ multa dona dant.
• Magister vult nos verba _difficilia_ discere.
  (verbum, n.)
• Servi armamenta _ militaria __ ad urbem portant.
• Fabulam __ facilem _ legere volumus.
• Filiis patrum _________ credere non possumus.
• Cur quaestioni _____________ responsum non
  dedisti?
• Milites nostri gladios _______ habent.

78
Now choose an adjective from the list to go in
each of the blanks in the sentences

• facilem (easy), gracilibus (slender), difficilia
  (difficult), militaria (military), leves
  (light), talium (such), simplici (simple),
  speciali (special)
• Nunc cum amico __ speciali/simplici ___ ludo.
• Iuvenes puellis _ gracilibus _ multa dona dant.
• Magister vult nos verba _difficilia_ discere.
  (verbum, n.)
• Servi armamenta _ militaria __ ad urbem portant.
• Fabulam __ facilem _ legere volumus.
• Filiis patrum _ talium _ credere non possumus.
• Cur quaestioni _____________ responsum non
  dedisti?
• Milites nostri gladios _______ habent.

79
Now choose an adjective from the list to go in
each of the blanks in the sentences

• facilem (easy), gracilibus (slender), difficilia
  (difficult), militaria (military), leves
  (light), talium (such), simplici (simple),
  speciali (special)
• Nunc cum amico __ speciali/simplici ___ ludo.
• Iuvenes puellis _ gracilibus _ multa dona dant.
• Magister vult nos verba _difficilia_ discere.
  (verbum, n.)
• Servi armamenta _ militaria __ ad urbem portant.
• Fabulam __ facilem _ legere volumus.
• Filiis patrum _ talium _ credere non possumus.
• Cur quaestioni _ speciali/simplici _ responsum
  non dedisti?
• Milites nostri gladios _______ habent.

80
Now choose an adjective from the list to go in
each of the blanks in the sentences

• facilem (easy), gracilibus (slender), difficilia
  (difficult), militaria (military), leves
  (light), talium (such), simplici (simple),
  speciali (special)
• Nunc cum amico __ speciali/simplici ___ ludo.
• Iuvenes puellis _ gracilibus _ multa dona dant.
• Magister vult nos verba _difficilia_ discere.
  (verbum, n.)
• Servi armamenta _ militaria __ ad urbem portant.
• Fabulam __ facilem _ legere volumus.
• Filiis patrum _ talium _ credere non possumus.
• Cur quaestioni _ speciali/simplici _ responsum
  non dedisti?
• Milites nostri gladios _ leves _ habent.

81
3rd DECLENSION ADJECTIVES IN ER, (E)RIS, -E
Masc S Fem S Neut S M F Pl Neut Pl
Nominative celer celeris celere celeres celeria
Accusative
Genitive
Dative
Ablative
82
3rd DECLENSION ADJECTIVES IN ER, (E)RIS, -E
Masc S Fem S Neut S M F Pl Neut Pl
Nominative celer celeris celere celeres celeria
Accusative celerem celerem celere celeres/is celeria
Genitive
Dative
Ablative
83
3rd DECLENSION ADJECTIVES IN ER, (E)RIS, -E
Masc S Fem S Neut S M F Pl Neut Pl
Nominative celer celeris celere celeres celeria
Accusative celerem celerem celere celeres/is celeria
Genitive celeris celeris celeris celerium celerium
Dative
Ablative
84
3rd DECLENSION ADJECTIVES IN ER, (E)RIS, -E
Masc S Fem S Neut S M F Pl Neut Pl
Nominative celer celeris celere celeres celeria
Accusative celerem celerem celere celeres/is celeria
Genitive celeris celeris celeris celerium celerium
Dative celeri celeri celeri celeribus celeribus
Ablative
85
3rd DECLENSION ADJECTIVES IN ER, (E)RIS, -E
Masc S Fem S Neut S M F Pl Neut Pl
Nominative celer celeris celere celeres celeria
Accusative celerem celerem celere celeres/is celeria
Genitive celeris celeris celeris celerium celerium
Dative celeri celeri celeri celeribus celeribus
Ablative celeri celeri celeri celeribus celeribus
86
IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES

• Although most 3rd declension adjectives have i
  in the ablative singular, ium in the genitive
  plural and ia in the neuter plural, there are
  some exceptions
• The single-termination adjectives pauper,
  pauperis and vetus, veteris usually had ablative
  in e, genitive plural in um and neuter plural
  in a
• Comparative adjectives (e.g. laetior, laetius)
  also used these non-i endings.
• Present participles (for which there is a
  separate PowerPoint INFINITIVES AND
  PARTICIPLES) had ium and -ia in the plural but
  in the singular used e for the ablative when the
  participle referred to a temporary action (and
  was thus felt to be more verbal) and i for
  lasting state (more adjectival)
• There is also inconsistency between different
  ancient authors (even the Romans themselves found
  3rd terminations a bit confusing) and, of course,
  between different modern books on Latin grammar!

87
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES

• The comparative (expressed in English with er or
  more) is formed by adding the endings ior (m/f)
  and ius (neuter) to a stem formed by removing
  the ending (i, ae or is) from the genitive
  singular
• laetus (genitive laeti or laetae ) gt laetior,
  laetius
• felix (genitive felicis) gt felicior, felicius
• The superlative (English est or most) is usually
  formed by adding the suffix issimus/-a/-um to
  the same stem
• laetus (genitive laeti or laetae ) gt laetissimus
• felix (genitive felicis) gt felicissimus
• Adjectives in er, -(e)ra, -(e)rum add
  -rimus/a/um to the masculine nominative singular
  for the superlative
• pulcher gt pulchrior gt pulcherrimus
• miser gt miserior gt miserrimus
• Adjectives in eus, -ea, -eum or ius, -ia, -ium
  usually form comparative and superlative with the
  adverbs magis (more) and maxime (most)
• idoneus gt magis idoneus gt maxime idoneus
• anxius gt magis anxius gt maxime anxius

88
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES (II)

• Six adjectives ending in ilis use the irregular
  ending illimus/-a/-um in the superlative
• facilis (easy)gt facilior, facilius gt facillimus
• difficilis (difficult)gt difficilior, difficilius
  gt difficillimus
• similis (similiar)gt similior, similius gt
  simillimus
• dissimilis (dissimilar)gt dissimilior, dissimilior
  gt dissimillimus
• gracilis (graceful)gt gracilior, gracilius gt
  gracillimus
• humilis (low, humble)gt humilior, humilius gt
  humillimus
• A few adjectives are completely irregular (as in
  English)
• magnus (large)gt maior, maius gt maximus
• parvus (small)gt minor, minus gt minimus
• bonus (good)gt melior, melius, optimus
• malus (bad)gt peior, peius gt pessimus
• multus (much)gt plus gt plurimus
• 
  
  
  N.B. plus is declined like an ordinary
  comparative in the plural (see following slides)
  except that the genitive is plurium instead of
  plurum in the singular it is a neuter noun and
  used with the genitive
• plus aquae (more water) plures milites (more
  soldiers)
• plus vini (more wine) cum pluribus pueris
  (with more boys)

89
LAETIOR (happier)
M F (Sing) Neut (Sing) M F (Plr) Neut (Plr)
Nominative laetior laetius laetiores laetiora
Accusative
Genitive
Dative
Ablative
90
LAETIOR (happier)
M F (Sing) Neut (Sing) M F (Plr) Neut (Plr)
Nominative laetior laetius laetiores laetiora
Accusative laetiorem laetius laetiores laetiora
Genitive
Dative
Ablative
91
LAETIOR (happier)
M F (Sing) Neut (Sing) M F (Plr) Neut (Plr)
Nominative laetior laetius laetiores laetiora
Accusative laetiorem laetius laetiores laetiora
Genitive laetioris laetioris laetiorum laetiorum
Dative
Ablative
92
LAETIOR (happier)
M F (Sing) Neut (Sing) M F (Plr) Neut (Plr)
Nominative laetior laetius laetiores laetiora
Accusative laetiorem laetius laetiores laetiora
Genitive laetioris laetioris laetiorum laetiorum
Dative laetiori laetiori laetioribus laetioribus
Ablative
93
LAETIOR (happier)
M F (Sing) Neut (Sing) M F (Plr) Neut (Plr)
Nominative laetior laetius laetiores laetiora
Accusative laetiorem laetius laetiores laetiora
Genitive laetioris laetioris laetiorum laetiorum
Dative laetiori laetiori laetioribus laetioribus
Ablative laetiore laetiore laetioribus laetioribus
94
FORMATION OF ADVERBS

• Adverbs are formed from 2-1-2 (-us/er, -a, -um)
  adjectives by replacing um with -e
• laetus, -a, -um (happy)gt laete (happily)
• pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum (beautiful) gt pulchre
  (beautifully)
• bene (well, lt bonus, -a, -um, good) and male
  (badly, lt malus, -a, -um, bad) are slightly
  irregular.
• With other adjectives, adverbs are usually formed
  by replacing the is in the genitive singular
  with iter or (if the stem ends in nt) with er.
  The i- of -iter is occasionally dropped. The
  last three letters are thus always -ter
• fortis (genitive fortis, brave) gt fortiter,
  bravely
• constans (genitive constantis, steady) gt
  constanter, steadily
• audax (genitive audacis) gt audacter, boldly
• A few adverbs are formed by using the neuter
  nominative/accusative singular of the adjective
  or occasionally with the ending -o
• multus, -a, -um (much, a lot of ) gt multum (a
  lot (as adverb))
• facilis, -e (easy) gt facile (easily)
• tutus, -a, -um (safe) gt tuto, safely

95
COMPARISON OF ADVERBS

• The comparative form of an adverb is normally the
  neuter singular nominative.accusative from of the
  comparative adjective ending in -ius
• puellae laetius laborabant quam pueri
  The girls
  were working more happily than the boys.
• Romani fortius pugnabunt quam host es
  The
  Romans will fight more bravely than the enemy
• The superlative of an adverb is formed from the
  superlative adjective (which has the us, -a, -um
  endings) with e in the usual way
• discipuli laetissime cantabant
  The
  students were singing most happily.
• Iulia optime laborabat.
  
  Julia worked the best.
• Notice the irregular forms for the adverbs formed
  from the adjectives multus and magnus and for the
  adverbs saepe and diu
• multum (much, a lot) plus (more), plurimum, (most
  )
• magnopere (greatly), magis (more greatly), maxime
  (most greatly)
• diu (for a long time), diutius(for longer),
  diutissime (for the longest time)
• saepe (often), saepius (more often), saepissime
  (most often)