Blood Sugar Regulation

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Blood Sugar Regulation

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Pancreas
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Pancreas
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Pancreas

• Two cell types to produce
• digestive enzymes exocrine glands (acini)
• hormones islets of Langerhans

1 2 of pancreas are the islets of Langerhans
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Islets of Langerhans

• Two hormones are produced
• insulin beta (ß) cells
• glucagon alpha (a) cells

blue cell nuclei green insulin red
glucagon
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Hormone Structure

• insulin
• peptide hormone
• glucagon
• peptide hormone
• Insulin and glucagon are referred to as
  antagonistic hormones.

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Glycogen

• A glucose polymer made up of many glucose
  subunits
• Storage form of glucose
• Stored within liver and muscle

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Action of Insulin
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Example of Insulins Effect on Body Cells -
Muscle Cell
Glucose
OUTSIDE CELL
Insulin
Insulin Receptors
Signal Transduction Pathway
Exocytosis
INSIDE CELL
GLUT 4 Transporters (proteins that transport
glucose across plasma membrane)
GLUT 4 Protein Vesicles
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• When is insulin released? after eating

hyperglycemia
beta cells
cellular signals for insulin release
decreased blood sugar
increased glucose uptake
glycogen production in liver
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Action of Glucagon
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• What does glucagon do? breaks down glycogen

hypoglycemia
alpha cells
cellular signals for glucagon release
increased blood sugar
glucose release from liver
glucose production in liver
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Diabetes Mellitus Type I

• also known as juvenile diabetes or
  insulin-dependent diabetes
• Cause
• immune system attacking insulin-producing beta
  cells
• no insulin production
• Symptoms
• increased thirst, hunger and urination
• Treatment
• daily dosage of insulin

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Diabetes Mellitus Type II

• also known as adult-onset diabetes or
  non-insulin-dependent diabetes
• Cause
• Poor diet, lack of exercise
• Excess glucose in the blood for a long period of
  time causes the pancreas to become overworked and
  tired
• Beta cells produce some, but not enough insulin
  (deficiency)
• A reduction in the number of functional insulin
  receptors
• reduced responsiveness of cells to insulin
  insulin resistant

• Symptoms
• increased thirst, hunger and urination
• fatigue / lethargy

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Type II Diabetes

• Treatment
• maintain healthy diet and frequent exercise
• medication only upon progression of disease state
• Regular exercise can reduce and stop symptoms

Glucose
Insulin
Glucose
Exocytosis
Insulin GLUT 4 Protein Vesicles
Exercise GLUT 4 Protein Vesicles
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Canadian Connection

• Frederick Banting Charles Best
• Nobel Prize 1923
• Insulin isolation
• tied off ducts to digestive tract
• cell producing digestive enzymes shrivelled
• only islets of Langerhans remained

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Video Testimonies

• University of Alberta
• developed islet cell transplant method
• Islet Transplant Animation
• Photo Journal
• News Feature

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Stress Regulation
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Classwork/Homework

• Section 8.2 Pg. 383 1-8,9