Empire

1
Empire Expansion

• 1890-1909
• We assert that no nation can long endure half
  Republic and half Empire, and we warn the
  American people that imperialism abroad will lead
  quickly to despotism at home.
• Democratic National Platform, 1900

2
Post Civil War America

• Americans remained indifferent to the outside
  world-mostly
• America absorbed in Reconstruction, the new
  industrial economy, blight in the cities, and
  settling the west.
• At the close of the 19th century, American
  foreign policy shifted.

3
Cartoon-European grab bag
COLONIAL CLAIMS BY 1900
4
Cartoon-European grab bag
5
Cartoon-European grab bag
European nations colonizing--US needed to do the
same or become an insignificant county
6
IMPERIALISM
Expanding U.S. Interests
7
Commodore Matthew Perry Opens Up Japan 1853
The Japanese View of Commodore Perry
8
American Interest in Asia Before the Civil War

• Caleb Cushing Expedition (1844)- Mass. Lawyer
  sent to China by Pres. John Tyler.
• Treaty of Wanghia
• US citizens in China accused of crimes only tried
  by US consular offices
• Right to buy land in the 5 treaty ports set up
  churches
• US gets most favored nation trade status with
  China like the British had.

9
US Interest in Asia Before Civil War

• 2. Matthew Perry Expedition (1853-4) opened two
  Japanese ports to US trade.
• Treaty of Kanagawa
• Opened ports of Shimoda Hakodate.
• Guaranteed safety of shipwrecked US sailors
• ended Japans 200 year policy of seclusion.

10
Sewards Folly 1867
7.2 million
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Sewards Icebox 1867
12
Island Possessions
13
Reasons for US Interest in Overseas

• American Imperialism
• Post Civil War

14
1.Evangelism Foreign Missions

• Post Civil war- the major Protestant religions
  sponsored missions in foreign lands.
• By 1900, 23 Protestant denominations had missions
  in China- mostly staffed by women.
• Rev. Josiah Strong (Congregational Minister)-
  wrote Our Country Its Possible Future and Its
  Present Crisis promoted Anglo-Saxonism.
• Inspired Missionaries
• imperialism of righteousness to Christianize
  civilize.
• The White Mans Burden- Rudyard Kipling

15
documents expan3
EXPANSION ARGUMENTS
Source Josiah Strong, Our Country Its
Possible Future and Its Present Crisis American
Home Missionary Society, 1885. It seems to me
that God, with infinite wisdom and skill, is
training the Anglo-Saxon race for an hour sure to
come in the worlds future.The unoccupied arable
lands of the earth are limited, and will soon be
taken. Then, will the world enter upon a new
stage of its history----the final competition of
races, for which the Angle-Saxon is being
schooled.
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documents expan3
EXPANSION ARGUMENTS
Source Josiah Strong, Our Country Its
Possible Future and Its Present Crisis American
Home Missionary Society, 1885. Then this race of
unequalled energy, with all the majesty of
numbers and the might of wealth behind it----the
representative, let us hope, of the largest
liberty the purest Christianity, the highest
civilizationwill spread itself over the earth.
If I read not amiss, this powerful race will move
down
17
documents expan3
EXPANSION ARGUMENTS
Source Josiah Strong, Our Country Its
Possible Future and Its Present Crisis American
Home Missionary Society, 1885. upon Mexico, down
Central and South America, out upon the islands
of the sea, over upon Africa and beyond. And can
any one doubt that the result of this competition
of races will be the survival of the fittest?
18
Religious/Missionary Interests
American Missionariesin China, 1905
19
Social Darwinist Thinking
The Hierarchyof Race
The White MansBurden to civilize the world
20
2.Need for New Markets

• Panic of 1893-1897- most Americans blamed on
  collapse of overbuilt RRs over speculation on
  Stock market.
• Other structural problems existed over built
  economy insufficient market for goods.
• 1870-1900- US exports went from 400 million to
  1.5 Billion (but --European markets for US goods
  contracted)

21
EXPANSION ARGUMENTS
Expansion and spreading our culture
22
America Latin America

• Sec. of State James G. Blaine (2 times)- Big
  Sister policy rally Latin America behind US
  policy open Latin American markets to US.
  1889 Pan-American Conference- (D.C.).
• Conflict
• 1889- US German navies almost go to war over
  the Samoan Islands 1899- islands divided
  American Samoa.
• 1892- 2 American sailors killed in port of
  Valparaiso US Chile war averted when Chile
  agreed to pay an indemnity.
• 1893- US/ Canadian argument over seal hunting off
  coast of Alaska resolved by arbitration.
• 1895-1896- Venezuela Britain dispute over
  boundary between British Guiana Venezuela US
  Sec. of State Pres. Cleveland invoked the
  Monroe Doctrine.
• Britain backed off because of threats in Germany
  Boer War new era patting the eagles head
  (The Great Rapprochement)

23
Commercial/Business Interests
American Foreign Trade1870-1914
24
IMPERIALISM
Expanding U.S. Interests
25
Cartoon-US Expansion1
EXPANSION ARGUMENTS
US goal was always expansion
26
3. Jingoists- Nationalism

• 1883- Congress set aside money to build a modern
  navy.
• Theodore Roosevelt Henry Cabot Lodge
  (jingoists- extreme nationalists)- believed the
  earth belonged to the strong fit- Darwinism
  applied to foreign policy.
• 1880s Africa- partitioned by Europeans
• 1890s Japan, Germany, Russia sought leaseholds
  in China.
• 1890 Captain Alfred T. Mahan- wrote The
  Influence of Sea Power Upon History 1660-1783
  strong navy needed to control colonies called
  for annexation of coaling bases in Caribbean
  Pacific.
• Need for coaling stations around the world.

27
Military/Strategic Interests
Alfred T. Mahan ? The Influence of Sea Power on
History 1660-1783
28
The Annexation of Hawaii
29
Americans Desire Hawaii

• 1820s New England missionaries arrived
• Way station provision point of Yankee shippers,
  sailors, whalers.
• Island ideal for growing sugar
• 1840s US warns other powers hands off
• 1875- US corporations dominated sugar trade
• 1880- US companies in Hawaii tripled sent sugar
  to US duty free.
• 1887- US Hawaiian agreement-- guaranteeing
  America the use of Pearl Harbor as a naval base.
• 1888- US planters arranged overthrow of King
  Kalakaua new govt .

30
U. S. Missionaries in Hawaii
Imiola Church first built in the late 1820s
31
U. S. View of Hawaiians

• Hawaii becomes a U. S. Protectorate in 1849
  by virtue of economic treaties.

32
U. S. Business Interests In Hawaii

• 1875 Reciprocity Treaty
• 1890 McKinley Tariff
• 1893 American businessmen backed an
  uprising against Queen Liliuokalani.
• Sanford Ballard Dole proclaims the Republic
  of Hawaii in 1894.

33
Hawaiian Queen Liliuokalani
Hawaii for the Hawaiians!
34
Hawaiians Weakened

• Population decreased by 1/6 of its size at the
  time of first contact (due to disease from Old
  World)
• American sugar lords imported Asian workers
  (China Japan) to work on sugar cane fields
  mill end of 19th century Asian immigrants
  outnumbered whites Hawaiians.
• 1890 McKinley Tariff- raised tariff white
  planters want to be annexed by US.
• 1891Queen Liliuokalani Assumed power issued
  constitution giving her more power resisted 1893
  whites (assisted by US Marines) revolted
• Planter effort was unauthorized-pushed by U.S.
  FOREIGN minister TO Hawaii (Stevens) The
  Hawaiian pear is now fully ripe Sanford Dole

35
Treaty of Annexation was withdrawn by new
President Grover Cleveland annexation delayed 5
years.
Queen Liliuokalani
John L. Stevens- US Foreign Minister to Hawaii
36
To The Victor Belongs the Spoils
Hawaii annexed into US IN 1898 Hawaiian
Annexation Ceremony, 1898
37
The Spanish-American War 1898
38
Cubans Revolt Against Spain

• 1894- US Tariff raised high duties on sugarsugar
  production crippled.
• 1895- Cubans revolt against Spanish rulers
• Cuban insurrectos burned cane fields
  dynamited passenger trains threatened 50
  Million US investments (annual trade of 100
  million).
• Cuba lay at the line of a hoped for Panama Canal
• Spain sends Gen. Victoriano Weyler (the
  Butcher)
• US newspapers printed sensational stories about
  Spanish atrocities yellow journalism
• William Randolph Hearst to Remington- You
  furnish the pictures and Ill furnish the war

39

• Spain controlled Cuba since 1500s.
• Cuban people were fighting a revolution against
  Spanish brutality
• Cubans wanted their independence from Spain
• 90 miles from U.S.
• Protect our trade

40
YELLOW JOURNALISM
Joseph Pulitzer William Randolph Hearst

• Both imperialists and wanted war with Spain.
• Their Yellow Press propaganda led Americans to
  support war with Spain.

41
Yellow Journalism
Pulitzer
Hearst
Searches were actually conducted by women
42
YELLOW JOURNALISM

• How long are the Spaniards to drench Cuba with
  the blood and tears of her people?
• How long is the peasantry of Spain to be drafted
  away to Cuba to die miserably in a hopeless war,
  that Spanish nobles and Spanish officers may get
  medals and honors?
• How long shall old Cuban men and women and
  children be murdered by the score, the innocent
  victims of Spanish rage against the patriot
  armies they cannot conquer?
• How long shall the sound of rifles in Castle
  Morro at sunrise proclaim that bound and helpless
  prisoners of war have been murdered in cold
  blood?

yellow journalism
43
YELLOW JOURNALISM

• How long shall Cuban women be the victims of
  Spanish outrages and lie sobbing and bruised in
  loathsome prisons?
• How long shall women passengers on vessels flying
  the American flag be unlawfully seized, stripped
  and searched by brutal, jeering Spanish officers,
  in violation of the laws of nations and of the
  honor of the U.S.?
• How long shall American citizens, arbitrarily
  arrested while on peaceful and legitimate
  errands, be immured in foul Spanish prisons
  without trial?
• How long shall the U.S. sit idle and indifferent
  within sound and hearing or rapine and murder?
• HOW LONG?

yellow journalism
44
America Goes to War with Spain

• Hearst published a private letter by Spanish
  minister to the US Enrique Dupuy de Lome
  referred to Pres. McKinley as weak
• 1898- US sent USS Maine to Havana Harbor- to
  evacuate US citizens.
• Feb. 15,1898- USS Maine blew up in Havana Harbor
  260 US sailors killed.
• 2 investigations one by US Navy, one by the
  Spanish
• 1898- US Navy concluded that the Maine exploded
  due to a Spanish mine

45
Yellow Press
YELLOW JOURNALISM

• USS Maine---260 US sailors killed
• Spain accused of blowing up the Maine..
• Polarized Americans to support the war against
  Spain.
• Hearst was heard to say, Supply me with pictures
  and Ill give you a war.

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USS Maine entering Havana Harbor
USS Maine after the explosion
47
USS Maine
USS MAINE
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Yellow Press
YELLOW JOURNALISM

• Yellow Press
• Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst were
  popular newspaper editors trying to sell
  newspapers.
• Expansionists war with Spain.
• Hearst was heard to say, Supply me with pictures
  and Ill give you a war.

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The Spanish-American War

• Spain agreed to end re-concentration camps set up
  by Gen. Weyler an armistice with Cuban rebels
• McKinley- did not want war with Spain, did not
  want Spain to remain in control of Cuba, did not
  want an independent Cuba.
• McKinley criticized by jingoists like Theodore
  Roosevelt as white livered Wobbly Willie
• April 11, 1898- McKinley sent a war message to
  Congress to intervene to free oppressed Cubans.
• Teller Amendment- proclaimed that the US would
  give Cuba its independence once Spain was ousted
  

52
Major Military Events of the War

• Feb. 25, 1898- Assistant Sec. of Navy Roosevelt
  ordered Commodore George Dewey (American Asiatic
  Squadron) to go to the Philippines.
• May 1, 1898- Dewey 6 US ships floated into
  Manila Bay destroyed the Spanish fleet there (10
  ships)400 Spaniards killed/wounded 0 US lives
  lost.
• Dewey awaited US troops to invade the islands
  (captured Guam along the way)
• August 13, 1898- US troops along with Filipino
  revolutionaries (led by Emilio Aguinaldo)
  captured Manila --Aguinaldo was forbidden to
  reclaim the city.
• Sec. of State John Hay remarked Its a splendid
  little war.
• July 7, 1898- US annexed Hawaii- territorial
  status by 1900.

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SP War in Pacific
54
SP War in Pacific
55
Dewey Captures Manila!
56
Battle Ground Cuba

• Outset of the war- Spain sent old warships to
  Cuba they were quickly blocked by the US navy.
• US prepared for ground invasion of Cuba to drive
  the ships out of the harbor.
• Gen. William Shafter-led the invading force-
  troops ill equipped
• The Rough Riders- a regiment of cowboys
  college jocks led by Leonard Wood Theodore
  Roosevelt.
• June 1898- 17,000 US troops left Tampa, Fla.
• Landed near Santiago-

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SP War in Caribbean
58
Emilio Aguinaldo
Theodore Roosevelt
The Rough Riders
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Rough Riders
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Rough Riders
ROOSEVELT'S ROUGH RIDERS

• Captured San Juan Hill which led to the end of
  the war once Santiago was surrendered by the
  Spanish.
• Became a hero of the Spanish American War.

61

• July 1, 1898- El Caney Kettle Hill- Col.
  Roosevelt Rough Riders charged horseless with
  support from 2 blacks regiments.
• July 3- the Spanish fleet steamed out of the
  harbor destroyed by the waiting US navy.
• Santiago surrendered
• US took Puerto Rico (US protectorate)
• August 12, 1898- armistice signed Treaty of
  Paris- 1898
• 400 men died due to war injuries 5,000 due to
  bacteria etc.

62
Cartoon-Sp US War
SPANISH AMERICAN WAR

• Spanish and American War was referred to as a
  Splendid Little War
• Cost of war in terms of loss of life and money
  was minimal
• US became a world power as a result of this war.
• Gained the following areas
• Philippines
• Guam
• Puerto Rico

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Effects of the splendid little war

• US prestige rose around the world
• Military marching music became popular- John
  Philip Sousa
• Sec. of War-Elihu Root est. a War College
• Closed the tension between North South in the
  US
• US control of the Philippines US is new player
  in Far East power.

64
Americas Course (Curse) of Empire

• 1898-US Spanish negotiators met in Paris
  Treaty of Paris 1898
• Cuba was freed from Spanish rule
• US got Guam Puerto Rico (as payment for war
  costs)
• Neither guaranteed statehood
• The Philippines- contained 7 million ethnically
  diverse people
• US business interests missionaries pushed for
  annexation
• McKinley agreed to annexation US paid Spain 20
  million for Manila.
• Puerto Rico citizens get US citizenship in 1917

65

• Opponents of Annexation
• argued annexation would go against American
  ideals of self-determination anti-colonialism
• Anti-Imperialist League (formed 1898)- members
  included presidents of Harvard Stanford, Mark
  Twain, Andrew Carnegie .
• Annexation violated consent of the governed
  ideas found in US Declaration of Independence
  Constitution, despotism abroad might bring
  despotism at home, Imperialism was costly.
• Imperialists- the US had a duty to civilize
  annexation would yield trade profits US became
  an empireSenate approved the treaty 1899.

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EXPANSION ARGUMENTS

• FOR EXPANSION
• Keep up with European nations
• Desire for prestige
• Theory of racial superiority
• Provide market for surplus goods and investments

• AGAINST EXPANSION
• Americas vastness provided enough of an outlet
  for the countrys energies
• America should not rule over other peoples

• Imperialists
• Theodore Roosevelt
• William Mckinley
• William Randolph Hearst
• Joseph Pulitzer

• Anti-Imperialist League
• Mark Twain
• Andrew Carnegie
• Susan B. Anthony

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documents expan1
AGAINST EXPANSION
Source Platform of the American
Anti-Imperialist League, 1899 Much as we abhor
the war of criminal aggression in the
Philippines, greatly we regret that the blood of
the Filipinos is on America hands, we more deeply
resent the betrayal of American institutions at
home
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documents expan1
AGAINST EXPANSION
Whether the ruthless slaughter of the Filipinos
shall end next month or next year is but an
incident in a contest that must go on until the
Declaration of Independence and the Constitution
of the US are rescued from the hands of their
betrayers.
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documents expan1
AGAINST EXPANSION
Those who dispute about standards of value while
the foundation of the Republic is undermined will
be listened to as little as those who would
wrangle about the small economies of the
household while the house is on fire.
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documents expan1
AGAINST EXPANSION
The training of a great people for a century, the
aspiration for liberty of a vast immigration are
forces that will hurl aside those who is the
delirium of conquest seek to destroy the
character of our institutions.
71
Problems in Puerto Rico

• Did the Constitution follow the flag?
• Puerto Rico neither a state nor a territory
  with little hope of independence
• The Foraker Act (1900) granted Puerto Ricans
  limited popular government-not US citizenship.
• The American regime brought improvements
  education, sanitation, transportation.
• 1901 Insular Cases- US Supreme Court ruled
  (dividedly) that the flag did outrun the
  Constitution Puerto Ricans subject to US laws
  but had no rights.

72
Cuba

• US military government set up run by Gen.
  Leonard Wood improved government, education,
  agriculture, public health.
• Col. William Gorgas Dr. Walter Reed
  discovered that the mosquito carried yellow
  fever cleaned up breeding grounds yellow fever
  threat decreased.
• 1901-Cubans draw up a new constitution that
  includes the Platt Amendment.
• Platt Amendment Cubans may not sign treaties
  that weaken their independence, Cuba had to keep
  debt low, US may intervene to maintain order,
  Cubans must sell or lease naval station
  Guantanamo Bay.
• 1902-the US withdrew from Cuba

73
Trouble in the Philippines 27.1 end

• Filipinos did not get independence after the
  Spanish-American War kept out of negotiations in
  Paris.
• Feb. 4, 1899- Emilio Aguinaldo revolutionaries
  launched an insurrection against the US.
• US sent 126,000 used water cure
  reconcentration camps (just like the Spanish?)
• 1901- US captured Aguinaldo fighting continued
  for months 4,234 US deaths 600,000 Filipino
  deaths.
• William H. Taft- was appointed Civil Governor
  US poured millions improved roads,
  sanitation, public health, education (English
  became 2nd language)
• Filipinos longed for freedom July 4, 1946
  (Independence)

74
Open Door Policy in China

• 1894-1895- China defeated by Japan Russia
  Germany moved in.
• European powers est. leaseholds spheres of
  influence
• 1899- Sec. of State John Hay Open Door Policy
• Open Door Policy- respect Chinese rights
  support fair competition (Hay did not consult
  with China).
• Boxer Rebellion (1900)- members of a Chinese
  group (the Boxers) murdered 200 foreigners
  thousands of Chinese Christens multinational
  force (including several thousand US troops) put
  the rebellion down.
• China- forced to pay 333 million (24.5 million
  to the US)
• US returned 18 million used to educate Chinese
  students in US

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Election of 1900

• Republicans nominate William McKinley Theodore
  Roosevelt as running mate.
• Democrats- nominate William Jennings Bryan
• Major issue of Democrats- Republican Imperialism
• The Front Porch Campaign- McKinley
• Bryan Roosevelt traveled the country giving
  speeches
• McKinley won mandate (protectionism
  prosperity)
• 1901- McKinley killed by deranged anarchist Leon
  Czolgosz in Buffalo, NY Roosevelt became
  youngest president (42 years old)

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President Theodore Roosevelt

• Born to wealthy NY family educated at Harvard
• Asthmatic exercised to build up his weakened
  body
• Owned a ranch in the Dakotas-loved the outdoors
• championed military naval preparedness
• Speak Softly and Carry a Big Stick became the
  slogan of his foreign policy Big Stick
  Diplomacy
• Believed the president may take any action that
  the constitution did not forbid.
• Used the presidency as a bully pulpit

78
Roosevelt the Panama Canal

• Why was a canal needed?
• US ships traveling around the tip of South
  America took weeks to get to Pacific or Atlantic
  (Oregon incident)
• waterway needed to defend new acquisitions
  Puerto Rico, Hawaii, Philippines US merchant
  ships
• Obstacle- previous treaty with Britain.
• Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (1850)- US could not
  secure exclusive control over an isthmian route.
• 1901- Hay-Pauncefote Treaty - gave the US the
  right to build the canal fortify it.

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Roosevelt Secures the Canal

• Which location for a canal was best?
• Most American experts believed Nicaragua, some
  thought Panama
• French Canal Company- had unsuccessfully begun
  construction in Panama now wanted to sale
  equipment holdings for 109 million.
• Philippe Bunau- Varilla (engineer) agreed to sale
  holdings for 40 million.
• June 1902-Congress decided on Panama route
• Columbian Senate rejected US offer of 10 million
  yearly payment of 250,000 for 6 mile wide
  zone.

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• Panamanians were afraid that the canal might be
  built in Nicaragua revolted against Columbia.
• Nov. 3, 1903- Panamanian revolutionaries spurred
  by Philippe Bunau-Varilla rebelled against
  Columbia.
• US warships prevented Columbia from interfering
• Nov. 6-US officially recognized the Panamanian
  government 15 days later Bunau-Varilla new
  Panamanian minister.
• 1903- Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty- US bought rights
  to canal 40 million, zone widened to ten miles.
• 1904- canal construction begancompleted in 1914.
• Cost- 400 to build
• Col. William Gorgas- made canal -safe from yellow
  fever
• Workers battled labor issues, landslides,
  diseases

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Roosevelts Foreign Policy-The Colossus of the
North

• Latin American countries Venezuela Dominican
  Republic fell behind paying their debts owed to
  European nations.
• Germany bombed a town in Venezuela in 1903
• The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
  the US would take over custom houses in Latin
  America collect delinquent debts owed to
  Europe.
• 1905- US took management of debt collection in
  Dominican Republic- in Caribbean.
• Effects of the Corollary- Bad Neighbor policy-
  tension between US Latin America
• Used to intervene US Marines in Latin America.
• 1906- US intervened in Cuba (asked by the Cuban
  President)

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• Roosevelt on the World Stage
• In 1904- Russo- Japanese War erupted
• Russia invaded Manchuria (Port Arthur) Japan
  threatened.
• 1904- Japan attacks Russian fleet at Port
  Arthur devastates Russian Navy
• Japan began to run out of men asked TR secretly
  to negotiate a peace.
• 1905- Portsmouth, New Hampshire Peace Deal
  reached Japan did not get cash indemnities but
  did get control of Korea (annexed in 1910)
• 1906- TR wins Nobel Peace Prize
• Effects- Japan Russia more hostile towards the
  US

86
The Gentlemans Agreement

• Waves of Japanese immigrants flooded into US
  Pacific Coast Californians worried about the
  yellow peril
• 1906- San Francisco School Board- ordered
  segregation of Chinese, Japanese, Korean
  students in a special school to free up space for
  white students.
• Caused international crisis war talk
• TR negotiated with the School Board repealed
  the school order Japan agreed to stop the flow
  of Japanese the Gentlemans Agreement.

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The Great White Fleet

• 1907 - TR sent 16 white US warships around the
  world to show off US might The Great White Fleet
  
• Made stops in Latin America, Hawaii, New Zealand,
  Australia, Japan.
• 1908- US Japan signed the Root- Takahira
  Agreement both powers agreed to respect each
  other's possessions in the Pacific Ocean uphold
  the Open Door Policy in China.

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The Great White Fleet
89
documents expan1
AGAINST EXPANSION
Isolationism
FOR EXPANSION
Expansionism
90
documents expan2
EXPANSION ARGUMENTS
Expansion
Expansion and a large naval fleet to protect
interests