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1Recent Trends in Managing Nuisance Ant Pests Go
Green!
2 Green Pest Management Defined by the Georgia
Structural Pest Control Commission
A service that employs an Integrated Pest
Management (IPM) approach while utilizing fewer
of the earths resources as part of a larger
effort to reduce human impacts on the
environment.
3Green Pest Control Products
Green products are largely defined by those
containing plant essential oils (peppermint,
spearmint, cedar, etc.).
4Characteristics ofPlant Essential Oils
- Contact Toxicity Low to Moderate in comparison
to traditional actives. - Topical Toxicity Low to Moderate in comparison
to traditional actives. - Repellency/Deterrency High in comparison to
traditional actives.
5So, why are products based on a set of actives
that show little contact toxicity, are highly
repellent, and ephemeral (volatile), so popular
among homeowners (and profitable to pest control
operators)?
6Placebo
A Placebo is a pharmacologically inactive
substance (or procedure) that can have a
therapeutic effect if administered to a patient
who believes that he or she is receiving an
effective treatment. A PE is not something that
occurs naturally. It must be manufactured in
the sense that it occurs only in the presence of
intent (or the perception of intent).
7The Placebo EffectUltrasonic Devices Do Not
Repel or Kill Pests But What does the Public
Believe?
8Snake Oil ScienceThe Truth About
Complementaryand Alternative Medicine (CAM)
- R. Barker Bausell, Ph.D. Biostatistician, Univ.
of Maryland Director of NIH National Center for
CAM - A cold, scientific evaluation of CAM therapies
via double-blinded methodology.
9So, Why Are Companies Going Green? (other than
the fact that its profitable)
10Pest Management Companies are Moving to Green
Services Because
- In California, pesticides in water have led to
restrictions on product use around homes. - The climate of bee protection, including (a)
CCD and the role that pesticides might play, and
(b) the Oregon Bee Kills, has led to EPA
restrictions on the use of neonicotinoids (soon
these restrictions will be for all spray
products, says EPA). - Fewer basic manufacturers developing fewer active
ingredients (cost prohibitive).
11January 2013 EPA Mandate Impacts Homeowner and
Professional Useof Pyrethroid Insecticides
Outside
Pyrethroid Insecticides Found in Water
12Pest Management Companies are Moving to Green
Services Because
- In California, pesticides in water have led to
restrictions on product use around homes. - The climate of bee protection, including (a)
CCD and the role that pesticides might play, and
(b) the Oregon Bee Kills, has led to EPA
restrictions on the use of neonicotinoids (soon
these restrictions will be for all spray
products, says EPA). - Fewer basic manufacturers developing fewer active
ingredients (cost prohibitive).
132013 - Dinotefuran
Pollinator Week in the U.S.
- Two incidents involving dinotefuran, the active
ingredient in Valent/Safari (June 2013). - Both incidents involved the death of a large
number of bumble bees (up to 59,000) foraging on
flowering linden trees. - The two incidents involved different timing and
application methods (foliar drench, and basal
bark application).
14Pest Management Companies are Moving to Green
Services Because
- In California, pesticides in water have led to
restrictions on product use around homes. - The climate of bee protection, including (a)
CCD and the role that pesticides might play, and
(b) the Oregon Bee Kills, has led to EPA
restrictions on the use of neonicotinoids (soon
these restrictions will be for all spray
products, says EPA). - Fewer basic manufacturers developing fewer active
ingredients (cost prohibitive).
15Chemical Industry ConsolidationMany Fewer
Companies to Support the Pest Control
IndustryToday Compared to Years Past
2000
1995
1990
2000
2006
1990
1995
2015 Big Players 1. Syngenta? 2. Bayer 3. BASF
16Theoretical Cash Flow of Product LifecycleUsing
Imidacloprid as an Example
Break Even after 16 Years (Income Expenses)
90m Decision Go Spend 150M over 6-7 years?
Global Launch After 11 years 240m
195m MSDS Data
35m
Patent Expires-Generics Compete
Pesticide Development is Really Expensive!
17Fewer basic manufacturers are developing fewer
traditional active ingredients. Why?
- Development costs for essential oils are usually
significantly lower (no registration data
required because these actives are exempt from
EPA registration requirements). - While the need for products in structural pest
control markets are high, the markets are not
large relative to major crop markets. - For insecticides, structural products are usually
add-on markets to agricultural uses for a new
active ingredient (e.g., fipronil in 2000 for
termites).
18Manufacturers are reformulating the same active
ingredients (many are now generic) to come out
with new products.
- Combining Active Ingredients
- Transport (FMC)
- Temprid (Bayer)
- Tandem (Syngenta)
- Fuse (CSI)
- New formulations
- Termidor HE and Dry (BASF)
- Suspend Polyzone (Bayer)
- EndZone (FMC)
J. Spagnoli Consulting
19What Explains Growth in Green Products
- (A) The high costs associated with development of
an active ingredient AND (B) the growth in
green programs by PMPs - Both have led to an explosion of green pest
control products (chicken or egg) - A market based on green offerings has been
created among residential customers for use of
products they believe are soft yet still as
effective as traditional poisons. - rosemary, spearmint, etc.
- pyrethrins are now considered green!
- spinosad
20Speaking of Things that Dont Work!Testing Some
Outrageous Ant Control Claims
- All-natural CURES forresidential ant problems
- Including the use of tansy leaves, cucumber peel,
and a soybean tea
J. B. Holloway
21Testing Home Remedies
- Treatments consisted of
- Tansy leaves
- Dried and fresh
- Cucumber peels
- Dried and fresh
- Rosemary leaves
- Spearmint leaves
- Soybean tea
- Two controls
- 1.0 Peppermint Oil solution (positive control)
- Water (negative control
J. B. Holloway
22Results
Number (mean S.E.) of live ants inside dish at hour Number (mean S.E.) of live ants inside dish at hour Number (mean S.E.) of live ants inside dish at hour Number (mean S.E.) of live ants inside dish at hour Number (mean S.E.) of live ants inside dish at hour Number (mean S.E.) of live ants inside dish at hour
Trial 1 Trial 1 Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 2
Treatment Treatment Treatment 2 hours 4 hours 2 hours 4 hours
. Dry Cucumber Fresh Cucumber Dry Tansy Fresh Tansy Soybean Tea Fresh Spearmint Fresh Rosemary Water Only Control 1 Peppermint Oil . Dry Cucumber Fresh Cucumber Dry Tansy Fresh Tansy Soybean Tea Fresh Spearmint Fresh Rosemary Water Only Control 1 Peppermint Oil . Dry Cucumber Fresh Cucumber Dry Tansy Fresh Tansy Soybean Tea Fresh Spearmint Fresh Rosemary Water Only Control 1 Peppermint Oil . 19.4 1.3 A 17.6 1.2 A 18.9 1.3 A 18.4 1.2 A 19.3 1.3 A 17.6 1.2 A - 18.4 1.2 A 0.28 0.2 B . 19.8 1.3 A 18.5 1.2 A 18.7 1.2 A 19.6 1.3 A 19.4 1.3 A 19.2 1.3 A - 19.1 1.3 A 0.92 0.3 B . - 13.6 2.5 A,B - 14.8 2.7 A,B 16.8 3.1 A 9.33 1.8 B 3.42 0.8 C 18.3 3.3 A 0.08 0.09 D . - 18.5 2.2 A - 14.8 1.9 A,B 19.2 2.3 A 10.7 1.4 B 5.17 0.8 C 19.1 2.3 A 0.50 0.2 D
. F 8.73 df 7, 88 P lt 0.0001 . F 14.56 df 7, 88 P lt 0.0001 . F 10.98 df 6, 77 P lt 0.0001 . F 20.64 df 6, 77 P lt 0.0001
No Trt Repelled Ants!
Fresh Rosemary and Spearmint Repelled Ants!
10X
4X
Following mixed model, 1-way ANOVA (PROC
GLIMMIX), differences between least square means,
for each combination of Trial and Hour, were
determined using pairwise t-tests means within a
column followed by the same letter are not
significantly different.
J. B. Holloway
23Results
- 1 Peppermint Oil Solution
- Fresh Rosemary leaves
- Tansy leaves
- Cucumber peel
- Soybean tea
- DETERRENT
- Fresh Spearmint leaves
did repel ants
Fresh rosemary leaves
J. B. Holloway
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25Insecticide Mode of Action
26- Download PDF of
- bulletin at gabugs.uga.edu
- 2) caes.uga.edu/publications
- (bulletin 1352)
27One Source for Technical Information
- Phone 1-800-858-7378
- Email npic_at_ace.orst.edu
- Web npic.orst.edu
28Insecticides That Target theInsect Nervous System
29The Insect Nervous System How Nerve Cells Function
30Insecticides That Target theInsect Nervous
SystemChemical Class Pyrethrins Pyrethroids
- Active Ingredients Pyrethrins, Bifenthrin,
Cyfluthrin, Beta-Cyfluthrin, Deltamethrin,
Permethrin, Lambda-Cyhalothrin, and Cypermethrin. - Mode of Action Delays the rate at which sodium
channels open and close (Sodium Channel
Modulation) - Target Site Axon of Nerve
- Primary Use/Route of Entry Contact Only
31Pyrethroids delay the rate at which sodium
channels open and close
32Insecticides That Target theInsect Nervous
SystemChemical Class Oxadiazines
- Active Ingredient Indoxacarb (must be activated)
- Mode of Action Opposite of pyrethroids the
active metabolite keeps sodium channels
permanently closed, thus blocking the flow of
sodium ions into the nerve cell (Sodium Channel
Blockage) - Target Site Axon of Nerve
- Primary Use/Route of Entry Oral Only
33Opposite of pyrethroids active metabolite
permanently closes sodium channels, blocking the
flow of sodium ions into the nerve cell
34Insecticides That Target theInsect Nervous
SystemChemical Class Organophosphates
Carbamates
- Active Ingredients Chlorpyrifos, Dichlorvos
(DDVP), Malathion, Diazinon, Acephate,
Propetamphos, Carbaryl, Bendiocarb, Propoxur - Mode of Action Inhibits (by binding to)
acetylcholinesterase, thus keeping it from
removing the neurotransmitter acetylcholine from
its receptor on the post-synapse nerve
(Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition). - Target Site Nerve Synapse
- Primary Use/Route of Entry Contact Only
35Inhibit (by binding to) acetylcholinesterase,
thus keeping it from removing the
neurotransmitter acetylcholine from its receptor
on the post-synapse nerve.
36Insecticides That Target theInsect Nervous
SystemChemical Class Neonicotinoids
- Active Ingredients Imidacloprid, Dinotefuran,
Thiamethoxam, Clothianidin, Acetamiprid - Mode of Action Binds to the acetylcholine
receptor, and over-stimulates the nerve
(Acetylcholine Receptor Stimulation) - Target Site Nerve Post-Synapse
- Primary Use/Route of Entry Contact Oral
37Binds to the acetylcholine receptor, and
over-stimulates the nerve.
38Insecticides That Target theInsect Nervous
SystemChemical Class Phenylpyrazoles
- Active Ingredient Fipronil
- Mode of Action Binds to and blocks the GABA
receptor on post-synapse nerve, thus keeping the
GABA neurotransmitter from binding to the
receptor site, and thereby preventing the influx
of chloride ions into the cell (GABA Receptor
Blockage) - Target Site Nerve Post-Synapse
- Primary Use/Route of Entry Contact Oral
39Binds to and blocks the GABA receptor on
post-synapse nerve, thus keeping the GABA
neurotransmitter from binding to the receptor
site, and thereby preventing the influx of
chloride ions into the cell
40Insecticides That DO NOT Target theInsect
Nervous System
41Insecticides That DO NOT Target theInsect
Nervous SystemChemical Class Diamides
- Active Ingredient Chlorantraniliprole (Altriset)
- Mode of Action Binds to and stimulates calcium
channels, resulting in uncontrollable muscle
contractions (Muscle Stimulation) - Target Site Muscular Calcium Channel
- Primary Use/Route of Entry Oral
42Binds to and stimulates calcium channels,
resulting in uncontrollable muscle contractions
43Insecticides That DO NOT Target theInsect
Nervous SystemChemical Class Juvenile Hormone
Analogs
- Active Ingredient Hydroprene, Methoprene,
Pyriproxyfen, Fenoxycarb - Mode of Action Mimic Juvenile Hormone Action
- Target Site JH Degradative Enzymes / Receptors
- Primary Use/Route of Entry Contact Oral
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45Insecticides That DO NOT Target theInsect
Nervous SystemChemical Class Chitin Synthesis
Inhibitors
- Active Ingredient Noviflumuron, Hexaflumuron,
Diflubenzuron, Lufenuron - Mode of Action Block Chitin Formation
- Target Site Exoskeleton of Insect
- Primary Use/Route of Entry Oral
46Subterranean Termite Baits
Sentricon 0.50 noviflumuron
Hex-Pro 0.50 hexaflumuron
47Insecticides That DO NOT Target theInsect
Nervous SystemChemical Class Pyrroles
- Active Ingredient Chlorfenapyr (must be
activated) - Mode of Action Active metabolite is a
mitochondrial disruptor, and prevents ATP
(energy) production in cells (Inhibit Energy
Production) - Target Site Mitochondria Within Cells
- Primary Use/Route of Entry Contact
48Insecticides That DO NOT Target theInsect
Nervous SystemChemical Class Borates
- Active Ingredient Borax, Boric Acid, Disodium
Octaborate Tetrahydrate - Mode of Action Non-Specific Metabolic
Disruption general cellular toxin. - Target Site Cells
- Primary Use/Route of Entry Oral toxicants ONLY
49Insecticides That DO NOT Target theInsect
Nervous SystemChemical Class Dehydrating Dusts
- Active Ingredient Silica gels, Diatomaceous
Earth - Mode of Action Dries the insect out by sucking
up the protective wax layer (Adsorption of
Cuticular Wax Layer) - Target Site Exoskeleton
- Primary Use/Route of Entry Contact