Food: What Statistics Say and Don

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Food What Statistics Say and Dont Say

• Food Consumption Tends
• Food Additives and How They Are Regulated

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Food Consumption Trends

• Americans are consuming more food and more
  calories than ever before.

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Food Consumption Trends Since 1950

• A 25 increase in caloric intake
• 10 coming from grains (mostly refined)
• 9 coming from fats and oils
• 5 coming from added sugars
• 2 coming from meats and nuts
• -1 coming from dairy and eggs

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• What is the cost for all of this additional food?

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• Control costs by producing more for relatively
  less.

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• Lets start from scratch.
• Where can you get scratch?

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• Consumers arent interested in buying Scratch.
• They want a finished product.

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Food Additives

• Acidulates (Citric Acid, Lactic Acid)
• Anti-Caking Agents (Calcium Silicate, Silicon
  Dioxide)
• Antioxidants (Calcium Silicate, Silicon Dioxide)
• Colors (Natural, Artificial)
• Emulsifiers (Lecithin, Mono and di-glycerides)

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Food Additives

• Flavor Enhancers (MSG)
• Stabilizers (Gums, Starches, Carrageen, Pectin)
• Preservatives (Nitrites, Ascorbic Acid, Sulfites,
  Benzoic Acid)
• Sweeteners (Sugar Alcohols, Aspartame, Sucralose)

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Food Additives

• The term "food additive" means any substance the
  intended use of which results or may reasonably
  be expected to result, directly or indirectly, in
  its becoming a component or otherwise affecting
  the characteristics of any food (including any
  substance intended for use in producing,
  manufacturing, packing, processing, preparing,
  treating, packaging, transporting, or holding
  food and including any source of radiation
  intended for any such use), if such substance is
  not generally recognized, among experts qualified
  by scientific training and experience to evaluate
  its safety, as having been adequately shown
  through scientific procedures (or, in the case of
  a substance used in food prior to January 1,
  1958, through either scientific procedures or
  experience based on common use in food) to be
  safe under the conditions of its intended use

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Food Additives

• Food Additives are added intentionally and must
  undergo pre-market approval.
• The burden is on manufacturer to show that the
  additive is safe under conditions of intended
  use.

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Food Additives

• There are three regulatory classes of additives
• Direct (added directly into the food)
• Indirect (may be added indirectly into the food)
• Colors (added for coloration)

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Food Additives

• (5) In determining, for the purposes of this
  section, whether a proposed use of a food
  additive is safe, the Secretary shall consider
  among other relevant factors
• (A) the probable consumption of the additive and
  of any substance
• formed in or on food because of the use of
  the additive
• (B) the cumulative effect of such additive in the
  diet of man or animals,
• taking into account any chemically or
  pharmacologically related
• substance or substances in such diet and
• (C) safety factors which in the opinion of
  experts qualified by scientific
• training and experience to evaluate the
  safety of food additives are
• generally recognized as appropriate for the
  use of animal
• experimentation data.

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• Are food additives really safe?

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Statistically Speaking

• They may be.
• Or more accurately stated, there is insufficient
  sample evidence to conclude that probable
  consumption of them is not safe.

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Practically Speaking

• Most approved food additives have an excellent
  track record and have been widely used with no
  adverse effects.
• A few additives, however, over time have proven
  to be unsafe and have been banned from use.

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Practically Speaking

• Additives such as sulfites and MSG have been
  found to have adverse effects in some
  populations.
• Additives such as nitrates and artificial colors
  have produced statistical results in studies that
  are close to significant.

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Practically Speaking

• Since the use of these somewhat controversial
  additives only affect small segments of the
  population and/or have not been statistically
  shown to be harmful, regulatory agencies have
  typically just required them to be labeled so
  that consumers may make their own decisions as to
  their consumption.

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Resources

• Food and Drug Administration
• United States Department of Agriculture
• Food Additives and Ingredients Association