Final review part 2:

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Final review part 2

• Ecology and genetics

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ecology

• A branch of biology that deals with interactions
  between organisms and their environment

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Organization in the environment

• Biosphere portion of the earth where living
  things exist
• Biotic grass, birds, squirrels, trees
• Abiotic temperature, light, soil

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• Population Group of species
• Community living organisms in a given area
• Ecosystem community and all its physical factors

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• Habitat place where an organism lives
• Niche role of an organism in an ecosystem

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SYMBIOSIS A relationship where 2 species live
closely together.
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SYMBIOSIS
MUTUALISM relationship where both species benefit
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SYMBIOSIS
COMMENSALISM relationship where one organism
benefits and the other is neither benefited nor
harmed
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SYMBIOSIS
PARASITISM One organism benefits while the other
is harmed.
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Food chain and food webs

• Autotrophs make food
• Heterotrophs ingest food
• Producers make food (autotrophs)
• Ex. Green plants

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• Sun is the main source of energy!
• Know how to interpret food webs!
• Food web interconnected feeding relationship

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Energy transfer in food webs

• Energy is transferred from the producers to the
  primary consumers, to the secondary consumers,
  ect.

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Consumers

• Primary (first order) eat producers
• Secondary eat primary consumers
• Tertiary/higher order

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Consumers continued

• Carnivores eat meat (other animals)
• Herbivores eat plants
• Omnivores consume both

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• Scavengers consume dead and rotting animals
• Decomposers break down dead plants and animals,
  return nutrients to soil

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Ecological Succession

• Primary succession changes in an area that did
  not have previous life forms- begins on newly
  exposed surfaces
• Secondary succession changes in areas where the
  previous community has been destroyed- begins on
  soil

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• Pioneer communities first living organisms to
  colonize an area
• Climax communities stable community

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Biogeochemical cycles

• Nitrogen cycle
• bacteria convert nitrogen gas into ammonia for
  plants
• Process is known as nitrogen fixation

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Carbon/oxygen cycle photosynthesis and
respiration

• What process puts oxygen into the atmosphere?
• What processes put carbon dioxide into the
  atmosphere?
• What processes put very large quantities of
  carbon dioxide into the atmosphere?

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WATER CYCLE
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Water cycle

• Condensation
• Water vapor builds up in clouds
• Precipitation
• Rain, snow, etc
• Ground water
• Water basin underground

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• Evaporation
• Water passes from a liquid to a gas phase
• Transpiration
• -water vapor exits plants via leaves

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What is a biome?

• Large geographic area that has a particular
  climate, native animals and plants, etc

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climate

• The conditions such as temperature and amount of
  precipitation year-after-year determine the
  climate of a region.

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Terrestrial Biomes

• Tropical Rain Forest
• Grassland (prairies)
• Tundra very dry- permafrost, little
  precipitation!
• Savanna
• Desert dry
• Coniferous Forest (or Taiga)
• Temperate deciduous forest- we live in one!

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Aquatic Biomes

• Freshwater (lakes, ponds, streams, etc)
• Marine (oceans)

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Natural Resources

• Non-renewable
• Fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas)
• perpetual
• Sun, wind, hydropower, geothermal
• renewable
• Trees, crops, fish

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10 Law

• Only 10 of energy is passed from one trophic
  level to the next
• If 2000 kilocalories of energy is found in the
  primary consumers, how much energy is present in
  the tertiary consumers

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Genetics
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Before scientists knew about chromosomes and
genes

• Gregor Mendel
• pea plants
• -traits are inherited through a passing factor
  from parents to offspring.

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His Experiments

• Crossed tall plants with short plants- all
  offspring were tall- the offspring is known as F1

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Law of Dominance

• some traits are dominant and others are recessive

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Law of segregation- cross out

• the two factors (alleles) for a trait separate
  during gamete formation

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Law of independent assortment

• Traits are transmitted to offspring independently
  of each other

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Incomplete Dominance

• one trait is not dominant- resulting in a
  blending phenotype.
• Ex. Mate a certain red and white plants create a
  pink offspring

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Codominance

• Both dominant genes are expressed
• Ex.
• Spotted dog
• Blood type AB

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Multiple alleles

• A trait that has more than two different alleles
  (RRYY)

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Sex determination

• Genotype of a female XX
• Genotype of a male XY

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Sex-linked traits

• Gene for the trait is located on the X chromosome
• Male only need one have one X so nothing to cover
  the trait that is why colorblindness is dominant
  in males

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Blood types

• A, B, AB, O
• O is the recessive
• A and B are codominant
• Cross a male with O and female with blood type
  A---what blood type will their children have?

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What are the possible genotypes for each blood
type?

• Blood type AB
• AB
• Blood type O
• ii
• Blood type B
• Bi or BB
• Blood type A
• Ai or AA

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What is a test cross? Why is one used?

• A test cross determines genotype
• Whether a particular characteristic of a plant or
  animal is homozygous dominant or heterozygous
  dominant

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Vocabulary

• Genetics study of how traits are passed on
• Alleles different copies of forms of a gene
  controlling a certain trait
• Autosome not a sex chromosome

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Vocabulary (cont)

• Homozygous same alleles
• tt or TT
• Heterozygous when alleles for a certain gene are
  different
• -Tt

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Genotype vs. phenotype

• Genotype genetic makeup of an organism
• Phenotype physical trait of an organism

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Monohybrid cross vs. dihybrid cross

• Dihybrid
• Two traits
• Ex. Ttpp X ttPp (how many combinations of alleles
  do each parent have??)
• Monohybrid- one trait
• Ex. Tt X tt

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Be able to do punnett squares of all types like
we did in class.

• Genotypic ratio ratio of the different types of
  gene possibilities
• Ex. 1 TT 2Tt 1tt
• Phenotypic ratio ratio of the different
  appearances
• Ex. 3 tall 1 short

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More problems

• Cross a homozygous green plant with a yellow
  plant (green is dominant to yellow)
• Answer
• GG X gg

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More problems

• Incomplete dominance cross a red flower with a
  white flower
• Answer
• RR x WW
• Offspring all have a genotype of RW and a
  phenotype pink

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Last problem

• Incomplete dominance cross two pink flowers
• Answer
• RW x RW (draw on board)

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Random
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KNOW