Biological Classification

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Biological Classification

• Chapter 17

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Bellringer

• Write down an example of an organization system
  that you use. How is it helpful?

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Standard

• SB3. Students will derive the relationship
  between single-celled and multi-celled organisms
  and the increasing complexity of systems.
• b. Compare how structures and function vary
  between the six kingdoms (archaebacteria,
  eubacteria, protists, fungi, plants, and
  animals).
• EQ In what ways do the six kingdoms of living
  things differ from each other?

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Taxonomy

• The practice of naming and classifying organisms
  is called taxonomy.
• Taxonomic systems use categories to organize
  organisms.
• The general term for any one of these categories
  is a taxon (plural, taxa).

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Dichotomous Keys

• A dichotomous key can be used to identify an
  unknown organism based on observable
  characteristics
• Consists of two part statements that describe
  characteristics of organisms.
• As the user makes a choice of a characteristic,
  they are led to a new branch of the key.
• For example, lets consider the Norns on the next
  page

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1. Has pointed ears ......................
............ ........ go to 3Has rounded ears
.................... ............ ..........go to
2 2. Has no tail .............................
............ ........... KentuckyusHas tail
............................ ............
.................. Dakotus 3. Ears point upward
............ ............ ................ go to
5Ears point downward ........... ............
.............go to 4 4. Engages in waving
behavior ......... ............ ... DallusHas
hairy tufts on ears ..............................
......Californius 5. Engages in waving behavior
........................... WalaWala Does not
engage in waving behavior ..............go to
6 6. Has hair on head ............................
................. Beverlus Has no hair on head
(may have ear tufts) .......go to 7 7. Has a tail
..................................................
........ YorkioHas no tail, aggressive
...................................... Rajus
A
B
C
D
H
G
F
E

• www.biologycorner.com/worksheets/dichoto.html

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Levels of taxonomy

• The eight basic levels of modern classification
  are
• Domain
• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species

• Did
• King
• Philip
• Come
• Over
• For
• Ginger
• Snaps?

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Carl Linnaeus

• Swedish scientist who introduced a two-word
  naming system called binomial nomenclature.
• His system included the genus name and a single
  descriptive word for each species.
• This is an organisms scientific name.

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Rules for Scientific Names

• No two species can have the same scientific name.
• All scientific names are made up of two Latin or
  Latin-like (sometimes Greek) terms.
• All the members of a genus share the genus name
  as the first term.
• The second term is called the species identifier,
  and often describes the species.

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• .
• The genus, which is usually a noun, is
  CAPITALIZED. The species, usually an adjective
  that describes the noun, is not capitalized.

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• Scientific names can be abbreviated by using the
  capital letter of the genus and a period and the
  species name.
• Ex. Panthera leo (lion)
• P. leo
• Panthera tigris
  (tiger)
• P. tigris
• Quercus rubrum (red oak)
• Q. rubrum

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• Members of the same genus are closely related.
  Only members of the same species can interbreed
  (under natural conditions)

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Why do we need scientific names?

• Dolphin (marine mammal)

• Dolphin (fish)

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Taxonomy of the Dolphins

• Bottlenose Dolphin

• Mahi Mahi (Dolphin Fish)

• DOMAIN Eukarya
• KINGDOM Animalia
• PHYLUM Chordata
• CLASS Mammalia
• ORDER Cetacea
• FAMILY Delphinidae
• GENUS Tursiops
• SPECIES Tursiops truncatus

• DOMAIN Eukarya
• KINGDOM Animalia
• PHYLUM Chordata
• CLASS Osteichthyes
• ORDER Perciformes
• FAMILY Coryphaenidae
• GENUS Coryphaena
• SPECIES  Coryphaena hippurus

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• In biology, there is an organizational technique
  called cladistics. Cladistics uses a bunch of
  characteristics to group organisms in a
  cladogram based on whether they possess or
  lack each of those characteristics. To make a
  cladogram, you look at your list of
  characteristics and your list of organisms and
  you say things like, Does this thing have jaws?
  If yes, proceed. If not, branch off into an out
  group spur. Same for lungs? yes/no and fur?
  yes/no and so on until you get a rough family
  tree like this

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Create Your Own Cladogram

• To make a cladogram, you must first look at the
  animals you are studying and establish
  characteristics that they share and ones that are
  unique to each group. For the animals on the
  table, indicate whether the characteristic is
  present or not. Based on that chart, create a
  cladogram like the one pictured above.
• Frog
• Tiger
• Human
• DRAW YOUR CLADOGRAM

cells backbone legs hair Opposable Thumbs
slug y
catfish y
frog y
tiger y
human y
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The Six Kingdoms of Life

• Domain Bacteria all organisms in this domain are
  prokaryotic
• Kingdom Eubacteria
• Domain Archaea all organisms in this domain are
  prokaryotic
• Kingdom Archaebacteria
• Domain Eukarya all organisms in this domain are
  eukaryotic
• Kingdoms include Protista, Fungi, Plantae,
  Animalia

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Domain Bacteria, Kingdom Eubacteria
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Domain Archaea, Kingdom Archaebacteria
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Domain Eukarya, Kingdom Protista
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Domain Eukarya, Kingdom Fungi
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Domain Eukarya, Kingdom Plantae
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Domain Eukarya, Kingdom Animalia
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