Problems Associated with PPE Use

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PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

• Problems Associated with PPE Use
• Heat stress
• Dermatoses
• Restricted vision and dexterity
• Restricted communication/hearing
• Claustrophobia

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PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

• Review MSDS, safety supply catalogs to determine
  compatibility of gloves, boots and suits with
  chemicals to be encountered.
• NIOSH website (CDC.gov) Recommendations for
  chemical protective clothing (CPC)
• Prepare ahead!

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RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
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RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
Respiratory protection should be used
1
When Engineering Controls Are Not Feasible or
Sufficient
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During Emergencies
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When Exposures Are Unknown
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RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

• Why Respiratory Protection?
• Minimize the Inhalation of Airborne Substances
• Dusts
• Mists
• Vapors/gases
• Fumes

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RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

• If someone is wearing a respirator then Personal
  Air Monitoring should be conducted
• Gives idea of airborne concentrations in
  personal breathing zone
• Helps select the right type of respirator
• Conduct end of service life cartridge calculations

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RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

• Respiratory Protection
• Respiratory Hazards
• Oxygen deficiency
• Toxic contaminants
• Unknown atmosphere

There is a lot to consider!
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RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

• Respiratory Hazards
• Oxygen deficiency
• Atmospheric content by volume
• Normal 20.9 oxygen
• Minimum allowable 19.5 oxygen

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RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

• Respiratory Hazards
• Toxic Contaminants
• Dust
• Fumes
• Mists
• Gases
• Vapors

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RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

• Respiratory Hazards
• Unknown Atmosphere
• Typical spill situation
• Could be IDLH (Immediately Dangerous to Life and
  Health)
• Need highest level of protection

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RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
Two types of respirators
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RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
A four-step process should be used to guide the
selection of respiratory protection.
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RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
Employees required to wear respirators must
receive training on the following

• Why the respirator is necessary and how improper
  fit, usage, and maintenance can make the
  respirator ineffective
• The limitations and capabilities of selected
  respirators
• How to use the respirator in emergency
  situations, including when the respirator
  malfunctions
• How to inspect, put on and remove, and check the
  seals of the respirator
• Respirator maintenance and storage procedures
• How to recognize medical signs and symptoms that
  may limit or prevent effective use of the
  respirator

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THERMAL STRESS
Cold Stress
Heat Stress
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HEAT STRESS

• Combination of workload and environmental heat
• Increases with temperature and humidity
• Aggravated by chemical protective clothing (CPC)
• CPC limits the dissipation of body heat and
  moisture

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HEAT DISORDERS

• HEAT RASH
• HEAT CRAMP
• DEHYDRATION
• HEAT EXHAUSTION
• HEAT STROKE

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HEAT RASH (Prickly Heat)

• Signs of Heat Rash
• Tiny red and patchy blisters
• Skin rash over arms, shoulders, chest and behind
  knees
• Tingling or pricking feeling on skin

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HEAT RASH (Prickly Heat)

• With a Heat Rash
• Stay away from hot environments and sunshine
• Keep skin dry
• Avoid scratching
• See physician

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HEAT RASH (Prickly Heat)

• To Avoid Heat Rash
• Take a shower after working in the heat
• Dry skin thoroughly
• Change underwear
• Stay in a cool place after work

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HEAT CRAMPS

• HEAT CRAMPS
• Painful spasms of the arms, legs and stomach
  muscles
• Caused by electrolyte imbalance by prolonged
  sweating without adequate fluid and salt intake

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HEAT CRAMPS

• First Aid
• Drink 1 or 2 glasses of slightly salted fluids
• Gently massage cramping muscle
• Rest in cool place

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DEHYDRATION

• Excessive fluid loss caused by sweating, illness,
  alcohol consumption, etc.
• No early symptoms
• Signs
• Fatigue/weakness
• Dry mouth
• Loss of work capacity
• First Aid
• Fluid and salt replacement

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HEAT EXHAUSTION

• Symptoms and Signs of Heat Exhaustion
• High pulse rate
• Profuse sweating
• Oral temperature normal or slightly elevated (add
  1F to estimate body temperature from oral
  temperature)
• Pale, moist face
• Dizziness
• Nausea
• Headache
• Fatigue
• Weakness
• Unsteady Gait
• Victim may collapse if warning signs are
  disregarded

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HEAT EXHAUSTION

• Causes
• Dehydration
• Low level of heat acclimation to the environment
• Low level of fitness

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HEAT EXHAUSTION

• First Aid
• Lie down flat on back in cool environment
• Drink slightly salted fluids
• Open clothing
• In case of collapse, call ambulance
• Victim must lie flat except when drinking

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HEAT STOKE

• Symptoms and Signs of Heat Stroke
• Confusion
• Hot dry skin (red, mottled or cyanotic)
• Irrational behavior
• Loss of consciousness
• Convulsions
• Extremely high body temperature (104F and
  rising)
• Condition is fatal if treatment is delayed
• Partial or complete failure of sweating

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HEAT STROKE

• Early Signs
• Body temperature is elevated (add 1F to estimate
  body temperature from oral temperature)
• Erratic behavior
• Hot, dry, flushed
• Weakness
• Unsteady gait
• Irritability
• Call for medical help this is an emergency!

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HEAT STROKE

• Fully-Developed Symptoms
• Flushed
• Dry skin
• Convulsions
• Loss of consciousness
• Body temperature 105F or above (add 1F to
  estimate body temperature from oral temperature)
• Start cooling immediately and call an ambulance

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HEAT STROKE

• First Aid
• Call the ambulance
• Bring body temperature down as fast as possible
• If using cold bath, rub skin constantly to
  maintain skin circulation
• Increase air movement
• Place an ice bag on head
• Keep towel and sheet wet
• Stop cooling when body temperature is down to
  101F

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HEAT ILLNESS PREVENTION

• Prevent excess loss of body water
• Drink small amounts every 15 minutes
• Up to 1.5 body weight loss at the end or workday
  is okay
• More than 1.5 body weight loss increases risk of
  heat illness.

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HEAT ILLNESS PREVENTION

• Replace salt loss due to sweating
• When salt is needed, add it to food or water
• Unacclimated workers do not sweat enough. Their
  sweat contains large amounts of salt.
• Check with physician before increasing salt
  intake.

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HEAT ILLNESS PREVENTION

• Acclimated workers have good sweating ability and
  their sweat contains only small amounts of salt
  less extra salt is needed.

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HEAT ILLNESS PREVENTION

• Acclimation to Heat
• Increased heat tolerance while decreasing risk of
  heat illness
• Gradually introduce new workers to heat exposure
• An acclimated worker can sweat more, has less
  increase of pulse rate and temperature
• Control Conditions

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Cold Stress

• Cold-Related Disorders
• Hypothermia
• Frostbite
• Frostnip
• Trench Foot
• Chilblain
• Raynauds Disorder

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Hypothermia

• Signs and Symptoms
• Chills
• Pain in extremities
• Fatigue
• Euphoria
• Slow, weak pulse
• Slurred speech
• Collapse
• Shivering
• Unconsciousness
• Body temperature lt 95F

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Hypothermia

• Causes
• Excessive exposure to the cold
• Exhaustion or dehydration

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PROGRESSION OF HYPOTHERMIA
Core (Body) Temperature (F) Clinical Signs
98.6 Normal oral temperature
96.8 Metabolic rate increases in an attempt to compensate for heat loss
95.0 Maximum shivering
93.2 Victim conscious and responsive with normal blood pressure
91.4 Severe hypothermia below this temperature
84.2 86.0 Progressive loss of consciousness muscular rigidity increases pulse and blood pressure difficult to obtain respiratory rate decreases
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Hypothermia

• First Aid
• Move to warm area and remove wet clothing
• Modest external warming (heat pack, blanket)
• Drink warm, sweet fluids
• Call for medical assistance

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FROSTBITE

• Sign and Symptoms
• Burning sensation at first
• Coldness, numbness and tingling follows
• Skin color white or grayish yellow to reddish
  violet to black
• Blisters
• Response to touch depends on the depth of
  freezing

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FROSTBITE
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FROSTBITE

• Causes
• Exposure to cold
• Vascular disease
• First Aid
• Move to warm area and remove wet clothing
• External warming (e.g. warm water)
• Drink warm, sweet fluids
• Call for medical assistance

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FROSTNIP

• Signs and Symptoms
• Skin turns white
• Possible itching pain
• Causes
• Exposure to cold above freezing
• First Aid
• Similar to Frostbite

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TRENCH FOOT

• Signs and Symptoms
• Severe pain
• Tingling, itching
• Edema (swelling)
• Blisters
• Response to touch depends on depth of freezing
• Causes
• Exposure to cold above freezing and dampness
• First Aid
• Similar to Frostbite

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CHILBLAIN

• Signs and Symptoms
• Recurrent localized itching of the skin
• Painful inflammation
• Swelling

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CHILBLAIN

• Causes
• Inadequate Clothing
• Exposure to cold and dampness
• Vascular disease
• First Aid
• Remove to warm area
• Get medical assistance

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RAYNAUDS DISORDER

• Signs and Symptoms
• Fingers blanch with cold exposure
• Fingers tingle
• Intermittent blanching and reddening
• Causes
• Exposure to cold and vibration (jackhammer)
• First Aid
• Remove to warm area
• Get medical assistance

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RAYNAUDS DISORDER
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COLD STRESS PREVENTION

• Exposed Skin
• Not permitted when air speed and temperature
  equate to a chill temperature of 25.6F.

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COLD STRESS PREVENTION

• Exposed Skin
• Superficial or deep local tissue freezing will
  occur at 30.2F, regardless of wind speed

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COLD STRESS PREVENTION

• Exposed Skin
• If workers are immersed in water or wet,
  immediately provide a change of clothing and
  treat for hypothermia.

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COLD STRESS PREVENTION

• HAND PROTECTION REQUIRED
• If working with bare hands for dexterity for more
  than 10-20 minutes in a temperature below 60.8F.
• Provide warm air jets, radiant heaters or warming
  plates.
• Metal handles on tools, control bars should be
  insulated.

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COLD STRESS PREVENTION

• HAND PROTECTION REQUIRED
• If dexterity is not required, gloves should be
  used
• For sedentary work below 60.8F
• For light work below 39.2F
• For moderate work below 19.4F

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COLD STRESS PREVENTION

• PROTECTIVE CLOTHING REQUIRED
• In environments at or below 39.2F

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CONFINED SPACES
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CONFINED SPACES

• The OSHA Standard was written to ensure the
  health and safety of those entering a confined
  space
• Applicability
• All activities where persons may enter a confined
  space

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CONFINED SPACES

• A Confined Space . . .
• Is large enough and so configured that an
  employee can bodily enter.
• Has limited or restricted means for entry or
  exit.
• Is not designed for continuous employee
  occupancy.

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CONFINED SPACES

• A Permit-Required Confined Space .
• Is a confined space that has one or more of the
  following characteristics
• Contains or has a potential to contain a
  hazardous atmosphere
• Contains a material that has the potential for
  engulfing an entrant

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CONFINED SPACES

• A Permit-Required Confined Space .
• Is a confined space that has one or more of the
  following characteristics (contd)
• Has an internal configuration such that an
  entrant could be trapped or asphyxiated by
  inwardly converging walls or by a floor which
  slopes downward and tapers to a smaller
  cross-section
• Contains any other recognized serious safety or
  health hazard

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CONFINED SPACES

• Entry
• The action by which a person passes through an
  opening into a permit-required confined space.
• Entry includes ensuring work activities in the
  space and is considered to occur as soon as any
  part of the body (including your head) breaks the
  plane of the opening into the space.

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CONFINED SPACES

• All Confined Spaces
• Trenches Excavations
• Crawl Spaces
• Sewer Manholes
• Storm Drains
• Pipelines
• Pits
• Vaults
• Silo Storage Tanks
• All Potentially Permit-Required

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CONFINED SPACES

• Confined Space Hazards
• Atmospheric
• Physical Configuration
• Mechanical
• Electrical
• Thermal
• Noise
• Vibration
• Engulfment or Entrapment

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CONFINED SPACES

• Hazardous Atmospheres
• Oxygen-Deficient Atmospheres
• Oxygen-Enriched Atmospheres
• Flammable Atmospheres
• Toxic Atmospheres
• Corrosive Atmospheres
• Asphyxiating Atmospheres  

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CONFINED SPACES

• Oxygen-Deficient
• Less than 19.5 02
• Reduction of oxygen in a confined space may be
  the result of either consumption, displacement or
  absorption.
• Oxygen-Rich
• Greater than 21 02
• Causes flammable and combustible materials to
  burn violently when ignited, such as
• Never use pure oxygen to ventilate.

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CONFINED SPACES

• Flammable Atmosphere Required Factors
• Oxygen
• Flammable Gas, Vapor or Dust
• Ignition Source
• Welding
• Electric Tools
• Sparks
• Smoking

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CONFINED SPACES

• Flammable Atmospheres Caused by
• Enriched oxygen atmospheres
• Vaporization of flammable liquids
• By-products of work
• Chemical reactions
• Concentrations of combustible dusts
• Fumes from chemicals on inner surfaces

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CONFINED SPACES

• Toxic Atmospheres
• Most substances should be considered hazardous in
  a confined space.
• Toxic substances can come from the following
• The product stored in the space
• Work performed in the space
• Areas adjacent to the space

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CONFINED SPACES

• Five Basic Questions
• What did the space previously contain?
• What reactions could have occurred?
• What operations will be performed?
• What materials will be brought into the space?
• What materials may have inadvertently entered the
  space?

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CONFINED SPACES

• Testing the air inside a confined space
• Required for two purposes
• Evaluation of the hazards of the permit space
• Verification that the acceptable entry conditions
  for entry into the space exist
• Must be conducted by a qualified, trained person

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CONFINED SPACES
Test all layers of the atmosphere for suspected
chemical hazards.
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CONFINED SPACES
You should have a written confined space entry
program that addresses the following

• Roles and responsibilities
• Identification and evaluation of confined spaces
• Acceptable entry conditions
• Preparation, issuance, and cancellation of entry
  permits
• Atmospheric testing
• Safe entry procedures
• Measures to prevent unauthorized entry
• Measures to eliminate or control hazards
• Use of protective equipment
• Emergency rescue procedures

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ERGONOMICS
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ERGONOMICS

• Ergonomics strives to improve the match between
  the worker and the workplace.

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ERGONOMICS

• Goals of Ergonomic Programs
• Reduce injuries
• Improve efficiency (work smarter not harder)
• Increase comfort and minimize fatigue
• Compliance with existing laws and regulations
• OSHA General Duty Clause

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ERGONOMICS

• Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSD)
• Wear and tear on joints and surrounding tissue,
  often associated with long hours of repetitive
  movement
• Cumulative Trauma Disorders
• Repetitive Motion Syndromes

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ERGONOMICS

• Acute vs. Cumulative
• Affected body parts
• wrist, arm, hand
• upper back, shoulder
• low back

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ERGONOMICS

• Symptoms of MSDs
• Fatigue, pain, tingling, burning sensation,
  discomfort can lead to permanent injury
• Importance of early reporting
• Learn to identify risk factors

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ERGONOMICS

• Risk Factors
• Posture
• Repetition/Frequency
• Force
• Duration
• Contact pressure
• Temperature
• Vibration

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ERGONOMICS

• Repetition - number of times an activity is
  performed without a break
• Repetitive activities often place stress on a
  specific joint or muscle group
• stress not distributed evenly across body
• may restrict tissue repair
• Repetitive tasks may be of particular concern if
  combined with a significant jump or increase in
  workload

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ERGONOMICS

• Static postures - muscle contraction without
  movement
• increases muscular fatigue
• impairs blood flow

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ERGONOMICS

• Force - amount of muscular activity required to
  perform a task
• heavy lifting
• pushing/pulling carts
• hand tools
• operating equipment

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ERGONOMICS

• Factors that increase lifting hazards
• Weight
• Size
• Repetition
• Twisting
• Bending
• Reaching
• Method

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ERGONOMICS

• Contact Pressure - prolonged impact of hard
  objects against body parts
• resting against work surface edges
• metal tools digging into palms
• poorly fitting furniture
• Restricts blood flow
• Damages soft tissue
• Presses on nerves

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ERGONOMICS

• Neutral postures - tissue under least amount of
  stress and joints are in strongest position

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ERGONOMICS

• Non-neutral postures increase fatigue and
  susceptibility to injury
• Posture is affected by
• tools and furniture
• environment/work area setup
• work habits

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ERGONOMICS

• Vibration
• Excessive vibration causes pain to muscles,
  joints and internal organs
• Soft tissue trauma to the hands, arms, feet and
  legs.

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ERGONOMICS

• Heat effects blood circulation causes cramps,
  burns/rashes and general discomfort.
• Cold effects the body's blood circulation,
  causes hypothermia, loss of flexibility,
  distraction and poor dexterity.
• Comfortable temperature range
• 68 to 74 degrees
• Humidity 20 to 60

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Standing Work

• Options for improvement
• Standing mats to reduce fatigue

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Work Surface Heights

• Ideal work surface height will depend on type of
  work
• Detail work - typically higher than elbow height
  to reduce neck strain
• visually intensive tasks
• electronic assembly
• Physical exertion - typically lower than elbow
  height to allow for application of body
  weight/force

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Lifting and Transporting

• Back injuries are some of the most common and
  costly work-related injuries
• Tools and equipment solutions
• carts
• conveyors
• vacuum lifts
• hand trucks
• scissor lifts

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Hand Tools

• Bend the tool, not the wrist
• Keep wrist in handshake posture
• Use the correct tool for the task
• Spread out the workload
• triggers vs. finger bar
• double-handled tools
• Reduce tool weight
• Improve tool padding

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ERGONOMICS

• Listen to your body
• Report symptoms early
• Communication - share ideas among departments

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RADIATION
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RADIATION

• Many refineries are licensed by the Illinois
  Department of Nuclear Safety (IDNS) to use
  radioactive materials in sealed devices for
  process and analytical measurements.

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RADIATION

• Radiation is energy given off by unstable atoms.
• Everything - your hand, a desk, a piece of paper
  - is made up of atoms.
• Particles such as electrons, protons, and
  neutrons are the building block of atoms.

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Health Hazards

• Ionizing radiation can alter the atoms in DNA
  molecules, thereby causing cell death, mutations
  and cancer
• Some non-ionizing radiation can heat the material
  it passes though causing burns and cell death.
• Microwave oven

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RADIATION

• Limit radiation exposure to As Low As is
  Reasonably Achievable (ALARA).

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RADIATION

• Best methods of reducing radiation exposures.
• Reduce the amount of Time exposed to the source
  material
• Increase the Distance between you and the source
  material
• Put appropriate Shielding between you and the
  source material

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Radiation Safety

• Do not operate or disturb a source
• If working around a source for an extended period
  inform the site Radiation Safety Officer and add
  to JSA
• Fire, Explosion, Accident, involving a
  radioactive device
• Immediately notify the RSO or designate.
• Follow site Emergency Evacuation Plans.

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Discussion Questions
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• What airborne hazard is present and how could it
  be reduced?

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• What is the potential hazard associated with this
  entry?

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What hazardous atmosphere(s) could develop in
this space with decomposing organic mater?