Module 15

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Module 15

• Motivation

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INRODUCTION

• Motivation
• The various physiological and psychological
  factors that cause us to act in a specific way at
  a particular time
• Exhibits three characteristics
• energized
• direct
• intensities

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THEORIES OF MOTIVATION

• Instincts
• Innate tendencies or biological forces that
  determine behavior
• Fixed action pattern
• innate biological force that predisposes an
  organism to behave in a fixed way in the presence
  of a specific environmental condition

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THEORIES OF MOTIVATION (CONTD)

• Brain reward/pleasure center
• Includes several areas of the brain, such as the
  nucleus accumbens and the ventral tegmental area,
  and involves several neurotransmitters,
  especially dopamine
• Makes up a neural circuitry that produces
  rewarding and pleasurable feelings
• Genes have been linked to several behaviors that
  trigger the brains reward/pleasure center,
  including obesity, risk-taking, behaviors
  (gambling), nicotine addiction, and sexual
  activity

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THEORIES OF MOTIVATION (CONTD)
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THEORIES OF MOTIVATION (CONTD)

• Incentives
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________
• Incentives have two common features
• ________________________________________
• ________________________________________

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THEORIES OF MOTIVATION (CONTD)

• Cognitive factors
• Extrinsic motivation
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________
• Intrinsic motivation
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  ______________________________

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BIOLOGICAL SOCIAL NEEDS

• Biological needs
• Physiological requirements that are critical to
  our survival and physical well-being
• Social needs
• Needs acquired through learning and experience
• Satisfying needs
• Maslows hierarchy of needs
• ascending order, or hierarchy, in which
  biological needs are placed at the bottom and
  social needs at the top
• satisfy biological needs (bottom of hierarchy)
  before social needs (top)

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BIOLOGICAL SOCIAL NEEDS (CONTD)
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BIOLOGICAL SOCIAL NEEDS (CONTD)

• Maslows hierarchy of needs
• Level 1 __________________________________
• Level 2 __________________________________
• Level 3 __________________________________
• Level 4 ___________________________________
• Level 5 ___________________________________

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HUNGER

• Optimal or ideal weight
• Ideal weight results from an almost perfect
  balance between how much food an organism eats
  and how much it needs to meet its bodys energy
  needs
• Calorie ________________________________________
  
• Overweight
• A person is _______ over his or her ideal body
  weight
• Obese
• A person is ______ over his or her ideal body
  weight

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HUNGER (CONTD)

• Three hunger factors
• Biological hunger factors
• come from physiological changes in blood
  chemistry and signals from digestive organs that
  provide feedback to the brain, which in turn
  triggers us to eat or stop eating
• Psychosocial hunger factors
• learned associations between food and other
  stimuli, such as snacking while watching TV
  sociocultural influences, such as pressures to be
  thin and various personality problems, such as
  depression, poor body image, or low self-esteem

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HUNGER (CONTD)

• Three hunger factors
• Genetic hunger factors
• inherited instructions found in our genes
• determine the number of fat cells or metabolic
  rates of burning off the bodys fuel
• push us toward being
• normal
• overweight
• underweight

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HUNGER (CONTD)

• Biological hunger factors
• Peripheral cues
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  ____________________
• Central cues
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________

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HUNGER (CONTD)

• Genetic hunger factors
• Come from inherited instructions found in our
  genes
• Fat cells primarily determined by heredity
• dont normally multiply except when people become
  obese
• shrink if were giving up fat and losing weight
• enlarge when storing fat and gaining weight
• Metabolic rates
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________

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HUNGER (CONTD)

• Genetic hunger factors
• Set point
• refers to a certain level of body fat (adipose
  tissue) that our bodies strive to maintain
  constant throughout our lives
• Weight-regulating genes
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________

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SEXUAL BEHAVIOR

• Genetic sex factors
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________
• Biological sex factors
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  ________________________________________

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SEXUAL BEHAVIOR (CONTD)

• Psychological sex factors
• Role in developing a sexual or gender identity,
  gender role, and sexual orientation
• Psychological factors can result in difficulties
  in the performance or enjoyment of sexual
  activities

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SEXUAL BEHAVIOR (CONTD)
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SEXUAL BEHAVIOR (CONTD)

• Genetic influences on sexual behavior
• _______________________
• Sperm and egg each contain 23 chromosomes (with
  instructions for determining the sex of the
  child)
• Egg contains the _____ chromosome
• Sperms chromosome can either be X (_____) or Y
  (______)
• XY means ______ development XX _______ female
• Fertilized egg is called a _______________

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SEXUAL BEHAVIOR (CONTD)
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SEXUAL BEHAVIOR (CONTD)

• Genetic influences on sexual behavior
• Differentiation
• Male sex organ and male brain
• ________ week after conception, the testes begin
  to grow and produce male hormones called
  androgens
• most familiar is testosterone
• Triggers development of ____________ organ
• Programs the ____________so at puberty it
  triggers the ________________ to secrete hormones
  on a continuous basis

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SEXUAL BEHAVIOR (CONTD)

• Genetic influences on sexual behavior
• Differentiation
• __________ organs and __________
• Absence of ___________________ in the developing
  embryo means automatic development of female
  sexual organs
• ____________________ keeps female program

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SEXUAL BEHAVIOR (CONTD)

• Biological influences
• Sex hormones
• chemical secreted by glands
• circulate in the bloodstream (influence brain,
  body organs, and behavior)
• male testes (androgens), testosterone
• female ovaries, estrogens

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SEXUAL BEHAVIOR (CONTD)

• Biological influences
• Male hypothalamus
• triggers continuous release of androgens
  (testosterone) from testes
• increased level of androgens causes the
  development of male secondary characteristics
• __________________________
• ___________________________
• ____________________

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SEXUAL BEHAVIOR (CONTD)

• Biological influences
• Female hypothalamus
• triggers a cyclical release of estrogens from the
  ovaries
• increased level of estrogens causes development
  of secondary female characteristics
• pubic hair
• breast development
• widening of the hips
• cyclical release of hormones (estrogen and
  progesterone) to regulate the menstrual cycle

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SEXUAL BEHAVIOR (CONTD)

• Psychological influences on sexual behavior
• Psychological sex factors
• play a role in developing a sexual or gender
  identity, gender role, and sexual orientation
• psychological factors can result in difficulties
  in the performance or enjoyment of sexual
  activities
• Gender identity
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  ____________________

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SEXUAL BEHAVIOR (CONTD)

• Psychological influences on sexual behavior
• Gender identity disorder
• commonly referred to as ________________________
• a person who has a strong and persistent desire
  to be the other sex, is uncomfortable about being
  ones assigned sex, and may wish to live as a
  member of the other sex
• Gender roles
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________

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SEXUAL BEHAVIOR (CONTD)

• Psychological influences on sexual behavior
• Sexual orientation
• whether a person is sexually aroused by members
  of his or her own sex, the opposite sex, or both
• Homosexual orientation
• pattern of sexual arousal by people of same sex
• Bisexual orientation
• pattern of sexual arousal by people of both sexes
• Heterosexual orientation
• pattern of sexual arousal by people of the
  opposite sex

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SEXUAL BEHAVIOR (CONTD)

• Interactive model of sexual orientation
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  ____________________________

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SEXUAL BEHAVIOR (CONTD)
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SEXUAL BEHAVIOR (CONTD)

• Male-female sex differences
• Double standard for sexual behavior
• refers to a set of beliefs, values, and
  expectations that subtly encourage sexual
  activity in men but discourages the same behavior
  in women
• Biosocial theory
• emphasizes social and cultural forces says that
  differences in sexual activities and values for
  selecting mates developed from traditional
  cultural divisions of labor
• women were primarily child-bearers and homemakers
• men were providers and protectors

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SEXUAL BEHAVIOR (CONTD)

• Male-female sex differences
• Evolutionary theory
• emphasizes genetic and biological forces says
  that our current male-female differences in
  sexual behavior, which we call the double
  standard, arise from genetic and biological
  forces, which in turn grew out of an ancient set
  of successful mating patterns that helped the
  species survive

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SEXUAL BEHAVIOR (CONTD)

• Sexual responses, problems, and treatments
• Paraphilias
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  ______________________________
• Sexual dysfunction
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  ______________________________

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SEXUAL BEHAVIOR (CONTD)

• Sexual responses, problems, and treatments
• Organic factors
• ________________________________________
• Psychological factors
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  ______________________________________
• four-stage model
• ____________________________________
• ____________________________________
• ____________________________________
• ____________________________________

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SEXUAL BEHAVIOR (CONTD)

• Sexual responses, problems, and treatments
• Premature or rapid ejaculation
• persistent or recurrent absence of voluntary
  control over ejaculation
• male ejaculates with minimal sexual stimulation
  before, upon, or shortly after penetration and
  before he wishes to
• Inhibited female orgasm
• persistent delay or absence of orgasm after
  becoming aroused and excited

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SEXUAL BEHAVIOR (CONTD)

• AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
• HIV positive
• Presence of HIV antibodies means that the
  individual has been infected by the human
  immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
• AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)
  life-threatening condition present when the
  individual is HIV positive and has a low level of
  T-cells or has developed one or more of 26
  specified illnesses (pneumonia, skin cancer)

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ACHIEVEMENT

• Need for achievement
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________
• Thematic Apperception Test
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  ____________________________________

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ACHIEVEMENT (CONTD)

• Need for achievement
• High need for achievement
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________
• Fear of failure
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  ______________________________

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ACHIEVEMENT (CONTD)

• Need for achievement
• Self-handicapping
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________
• Underachievement
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________

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ACHIEVEMENT (CONTD)

• Cognitive influences
• Cognitive factors in motivation
• refer to how people evaluate or perceive a
  situation and how these evaluations and
  perceptions influence their willingness to work
• Intrinsic motivation
• involves engaging in certain activities or
  behaviors without receiving any external rewards
  because engaging in these activities fulfills our
  beliefs or expectations

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ACHIEVEMENT (CONTD)

• Cognitive influences
• Extrinsic motivation
• involves engaging in certain activities or
  behaviors that either reduce biological needs or
  help us obtain incentives and external rewards

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SERIOUS EATING DISORDERS

• Anorexia nervosa
• serious eating disorder characterized by refusing
  to eat and not maintaining weight at 85 of
  whats expected
• Sufferers
• have intense fear of gaining weight or becoming
  fat
• have missed at least 3 consecutive menstrual
  cycles
• have a disturbed body image
• see themselves as fat even though theyre very
  thin

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SERIOUS EATING DISORDERS (CONTD)

• Bulimia nervosa
• have a minimum of 2eating episodes per week for
  at least three months
• Sufferers
• fear not being able to stop eating
• regularly engage in vomiting
• abuse laxatives
• engage in rigorous dieting and fasting and
  display excessive concern about body shape and
  weight

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SERIOUS EATING DISORDERS (CONTD)