Homework

1
Homework

• Complete the connector activities on the Group
  Success Tab answering the questions after
  reviewing the two videos on the mypeexam.org
  website
• Annotate Ryder Cup article
• Questions on Page 203

2
Card Exercise

• Need one observer
• One group of 3
• 1 person on their own

3
How does this link to group success?
4
What is a group?

• 4 marks
• Page 194 and 195

5
Evolution of a group -

• Forming
• Storming
• Norming -
• Performing -
• Tuckman (1965)

6
Tuckmans model
7
What happened to AVB at Chelsea and Tottenham and
vice versa?
8
Tuckmans model
9
Different types of cohesion

• Cohesion
• Task cohesion
• Social cohesion

10
Group dynamics example
11
Bootcamp

• It takes people from all backgrounds, and from
  different parts of the country who may have
  nothing in common.
• They are given the same appearance, which
  identifies them as the same.
• The instructor gives them a shared negative
  experience that will give them something in
  common.
• In one quick experience they become a group.

12
Which is more important and why?

• Task or social cohesion

13
Measuring cohesion

• Observation of behaviour
• Sociogram
• Questionnaire - The Group Environment
  Questionnaire

14
Do cohesive groups win?

• There are exceptions - Rodman and Jordan
• Desire to win may supersede personal dislikes
• task cohesion overcomes social cohesion
• Cohesion alone cannot ensure success.

15
Factors (antecedents) that contribute to cohesion
(Carron 1982)

• What are the factors that affect group
  cohesiveness? (4 marks)
• Member characteristics
• Environmental / situational factors
• Leadership style
• Team elements

16
CARRONS MODEL

• Page 197
• Set our a Cornell table to make notes and ask
  questions

17
Strategies to develop an effective group and
cohesion

• What strategies have your coaches / teachers
  used?
• Page 199

18
Productivity (Steiners Model)
Actual Productivity
Potential Productivity
Faulty Processes
-

If 2 individuals in a tug-of-war team are each
able to pull 100kg, their potential productivity
is 200kg. However, they will pull less than
this, probably around 180kg - because of the
inability to coordinate their efforts and/or
because each person might expect the other to
carry the main load. Therefore there are process
losses of 20kg.
19
Who is going to win??

• Group A will beat Group B if
• Group A possesses greater relevant resources and
  experiences fewer or equal process losses
• Group A possesses equal relevant resources but
  experiences fewer process losses
• Group A possesses less resources but experiences
  much less process loss

20
Football example with numbers

• If Arsenals potential productivity 90 and Hull
  Citys potential productivity 60, Hull can
  still win.
• If Arsenal experience process losses equal to 40,
  and Hull only lose 5, Hulls actual productivity
  will 55, while Arsenal will 50.
• This is how giant killings happen each year.

21
Causes of process losses

• Process losses are commonly caused by
• Co-ordination losses eg
• Motivational loses eg

22
Think back to the card sort
23
The Ringlemann effect

• Ringlemann observed individuals, groups of 2, 3,
  and 8 people pulling on a rope.
• Did 2 people pull twice as hard as 1 person?
• NO!
• 1 in a group of 2 pulled on average 93 of the
  individual score.
• In groups of 3 it fell to 85, and groups of 8 to
  49.

24
Social loafing

• The tendency for individuals to put in less than
  maximum effort when working as part of a group.
• This is different from the Ringlemann effect.
  How?
• Latane (1979) found that people in groups do not
  clap as hard as individuals - individual effort
  is lost in a crowd!

25
How to beat social loafing and the Ringlemann
effect!

• Identify individual contribution - individual
  playing statistics - this be detrimental to
  cohesion
• Increase peer pressure
• Improve group co-ordination skills (set plays)
• Select team players
• Give more responsibility / set individual roles /
  targets

26
What else can coaches do?

• Limit process losses.
• Ensure that players are clear about their roles
  within the team.
• Establish clear team rules and expectations.
• Encourage social cohesion, but do not expect
  everyone to socialize together.
• Democracy increases cohesion - allow the team to
  make some decisions.
• Team building exercises.

27
Summary

• A group is 2 or more individuals working towards
  a common goal.
• Group cohesion can be related to the task or to
  social relationships.
• The Ringlemann effect and social loafing explain
  how some groups under-perform.

28
Team talks

• Team talks are open only to group members.
• As such they bring the group together.
• Some team talks are more effective than others
• Compare these examples

29
Video
30
Examination review
31
What were the differences?

• Next week leadership