Key Terms

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Key Terms The Later Roman Empire

• Proletariat
• The Twelve Tables
• The Gracchi Brothers
• Marius
• Sulla
• Pompey
• Crassus the Rich
• Julius Caesar
• Brutus and Cassius

• Octavian/Augustus Caesar
• Marc Antony
• Lepidus
• Triumvirate
• Pax Romana
• Aqueducts

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Post Punic Wars

• Several areas of Italy laid in ruins upon the end
  of the Punic Wars
• Many soldiers lost their land due to damages and
  unpaid taxes
• Many of these soldiers sought work on the lands
  of the wealthy
• Slaves had taken up many of the jobs that the
  soldiers sought
• These soldiers would surround Rome and threaten
  its citizens ? this group would become the lowest
  class in Rome, the proletariat.

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The Twelve Tables

• To ensure the rights of the lower classes, the
  Senate codified its laws.
• These codified laws became known as the Twelve
  Tables.
• The Twelve Tables allowed intermarriage between
  the classes and opened up jobs for the lower
  classes

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The Gracchi Brothers

• Two tribunes attempted to bring equality and
  reform to the lower classes.
• Tiberius Gracchus ? attempted to bring land
  reform to the lower classes through a land
  distribution system, would be killed for his
  attempts to continue his tribunate.
• Gaius Gracchus ? would attempt to continue the
  reforms of his brother and would share the same
  fate.
• Marked the first time the Roman government used
  violence against its officials.

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Marius

• Marius ? Roman general who served during the
  Punic Wars.
• Would privatize his army by offering them more
  money for conquest of territory.
• Would use his army to control Rome and have
  himself elected consul seven times.

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Sulla

• Sulla ? general during the Numidian campaigns who
  followed Marius' example.
• Would fight with Marius over control of Rome with
  his own private army.
• Would become dictator for life and then resign.

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Pompey

• Pompey ? military officer who used difficult
  situations in Rome to acquire power for himself.
• Could not gain the power he wanted in Rome unless
  he associated with more upstanding individuals.
• Would work closely with Crassus and Caesar.

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Crassus the Rich

• Crassus the Rich ? wealthy landowner who sought
  to acquire power in Rome
• Lacked any military experience (prestige) to be
  able to acquire any major positions in Rome.
• Would have to unite with someone who had already
  been in politics to acquire power.

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Julius Caesar

• Julius Caesar ? military general and orator who
  became consul but fell into disrepute.
• Needed someone to back his actions in Rome with
  military force.
• Would unite with Crassus and Pompey to reach his
  career goals.

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The First Triumvirate

• Triumvirate ? rule by three individuals at once.
• Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey united to acquire
  what they wanted from the Roman government.
• Pompey could get his actions ratified by Caesar
  Caesar could back his actions with the military
  force from Pompey Crassus could use both Caesar
  and Pompey to acquire military experience.
• Upon the death of Crassus, the triumvirate would
  dissolve leaving Pompey and Casear to fight
  amongst each other.

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Caesar and Pompey

• Pompey would attempt to sway the Senate against
  Caesar to acquire more power for himself.
• Caesar was out campaigning in Gaul attempting to
  acquire more territory for the Romans.
• Caesar would be asked to return to Rome without
  his troops and surrender.
• Caesar would refuse and march on Rome and take
  over the city ? Pompey would fight Caesar then
  flee to Egypt where he would be killed.

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The Rise and Fall of Julius Caesar

• Julius Caesar would become the one and only ruler
  of Rome and would be declared dictator for life.
• Shortly afterward, he would be assassinated by
  Brutus and Cassius on March 15, 44 B.C.

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The Second Triumvirate

• - Three new Romans would compete over control of
  Rome and would ultimately work together.
• - Marc Antony ? general under Julius Caesar,
  believed he would inherit his powers
• - Lepidus ? Roman officer who sought to acquire
  more power by working with Octavian and Antony
• - Octavian ? Caesar's grand-nephew, inherited
  Caesar's power.

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The Triumvirate Breaks Down

• - Lepidus would attempt to take power away from
  Octavian and would ultimately be forced into
  exile by him.
• - Antony would build his own empire in the East
  and would enter into relations with Cleopatra in
  Egypt would be declared enemy of the state as a
  result.
• - Octavian would defeat Antony in the Battle of
  Actium and acquire sole possession of Caesar's
  powers.
• - Would be given the title of Augustus which
  means first citizen

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Augustus' Reforms

• - Augustus would reign as emperor until the age
  of 76.
• - In his time as emperor, he would launch many
  reforms
• - built aqueducts ? bridge-like structures that
  carried water from the mountains to the cities.
• - introduced a new currency
• - built roads to connect the empire
• - started the Pax Romana ? period of 207 years
  without civil war.

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