Chapter 1 Data Communications and NM Overview

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Chapter 1Data CommunicationsandNM Overview
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Outline

• Analogy of telephone network
• Data and telecommunication network
• Distributed computing environment
• Internet
• Protocols and standards
• IT management
• Network and system management
• Current status and future of network management

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Telephone Network

• Characteristics
• Reliable - does what is expected of it
• Dependable - always there when you need it
  (remember 911?)
• Good quality (connection) - hearing each
  other well
• Reasons
• Good planning, design, and implementation
• Good operation and management of network

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Telephone Network Model
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Operations Systems / NOC

• Monitor telephone network parameters
• S/N ratio, transmission loss, call blockage,
  etc.
• Real-time management of network
• Trunk (logical entity between switches)
  maintenance system measures loss and S/N.
  Trunks not meeting QoS are removed before
  customer notices poor quality
• Traffic measurement systems measure call
  blockage. Additional switch planned to keep
  the call blockage below acceptable level
• Operations systems are distributed at central
  offices
• Network management done centrally from Network
  Operations Center (NOC)

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Data and Telecommunication Network
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IBM SNA Architecture
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DCE with LANDCE.. Distributed Computing
Environment
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LAN-WAN Network
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Client/Server Model
Request
Response
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Client/Server Examples
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TCP/IP Based Networks

• TCP/IP is a suite of protocols
• Internet is based on TCP/IP
• IP is Internet protocol at the network layer
  level
• TCP is connection-oriented transport protocol
  and ensures end-to-end connection
• UDP is connectionless transport protocol and
  provides datagram service
• Internet e-mail and much of the network mgmt.
  messages are based on UDP/IP
• ICMP part of TCP/IP suite

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InternetConfiguration
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Architecture, Protocols and Standards

• Communication architecture
• Modeling of communication systems, comprising
• functional components and
• operations interfaces between them
• Communication protocols
• Operational procedures
• intra- and inter-modules
• Communication standards
• Agreement between manufacturers on protocols
  of communication equipment on
• physical characteristics and
• operational procedures

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Communication Architecture
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OSI Reference Model
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(No Transcript)
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PDU Communication Model
PDU Protocol Data Unit PCI Protocol Control
Information UD User Data
PDU PCI UD UDn PDUn1
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DTE Data Terminating Equipment
T N D P
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SNA, OSI, and Internet
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Application Protocols
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NM Case Histories
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Common Network Problems

• Loss of connectivity (Link, Node, Interface)
• Duplicate IP address (Procedural)
• Intermittent problems
• Network configuration issues
• Non-problems
• Performance problems

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Challenges of IT Managers

• Reliability
• Non-real time problems
• Rapid technological advance
• Managing client/server environment
• Scalability
• Troubleshooting tools and systems
• Trouble prediction
• Standardization of operations - NMS helps
• Centralized management vs sneaker-net

Please refer to Sec. 1.7 for more details
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Network Management (NM)

• Definition
• OAMP of Network and Services
• OAMP Operations, Administration, maintenance,
  and Provisioning)
• Goal
• To ensure that the users of a network receive the
  IT services with the quality of service (QoS)
  that they expect.

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Top-down View of NM functions
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NM Functional Flow Chart
TT Trouble Ticket
NOC Network Operation Center IM
Installation Maintenance
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??????????

• ?????? (Management Functional Areas, MFAs)
• ???? (Fault Management)
• ???? (Configuration Management)
• ???? (Security Management)
• ???? (Performance Management)
• ???? (Accounting Management)

ITU-T X.700
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???? (Fault Management)

• Fault Management (FM)
• Detection of a problem, fault isolation and
  correction to normal operation.
• FM involves the following steps
• Discover the problem.
• Isolate the problem
• Fix the problem (if possible)

• Use of Trouble-Ticket Systems

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???????

• Maintain and examine error logs
• Accept and act upon error detection notifications
• Trace and identify faults
• Carry out sequences of diagnostic tests
• Correct faults

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??????
User
DNS
...
RMON Device
Firewall / Router
...
Internet
WWW Server
Mail Server
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FM??????
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???? (Configuration Management)

• Configuration Management (CM)
• The process of finding and setting up
  (configuring) network devices.
• CM identifies, exercises control over, collects
  data from, and provides data to networked systems.

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???????

• Set the parameters that control the routine
  operation of the networked system.
• Associate names with managed objects and sets of
  managed objects.
• Initialize and close down managed objects.
• Collect information on demand about the current
  condition of the networked system.
• Obtain announcements of significant changes in
  the condition of the networked system.
• Change the configuration of the networked system.

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CM ?? Auto Discovery
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CM ?? ????(CHTNet)
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???? (Security Management)

• Security Management (SM)
• The process of controlling access to information
  on the networked system.
• ???????
• The creation, deletion, and control of security
  services and mechanisms.
• The distribution of security-relevant
  information.
• The reporting of security-relevant events.

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???? (Performance Management)

• Performance Management (PM)
• Measuring the performance of network hardware,
  software, and media.
• ??????
• Overall throughput
• Percentage utilization
• Error rate
• Response time

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???????

• Gather statistical information.
• Maintain and examine logs of system state
  histories.
• Determine system performance under natural and
  artificial conditions.
• Alter system modes of operation for the purpose
  of conducting PM activities.

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PM?????????
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???? (Accounting Management)

• Accounting Management (AM)
• Tracking each individual and group user's
  utilization of network resources to better ensure
  that users have sufficient resources.
• AM enables charges to be established for the use
  of network resources, and the costs to be
  identified for the use of those network resources.

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???????

• Inform users of costs incurred or resources
  consumed.
• Enable accounting limits to be set and tariff
  schedules to be associated with the use of
  resources.
• Enable costs to be combined where multiple
  resources are invoked to achieve a given
  communication objective.

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NM Components
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Interoperability
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Interoperability (cont.)
Services Protocols
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Network Management Model
Management Station
Network Element
Management Operation
R
MA
MO
Response
Event
Manager
Agent
Communication Protocols
Communication Protocols
Network
Legend MA Manager Applications MO Managed
Objects
R Real Resource
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????????

• ??? (Manager)
• ??? (Agent)
• ???????? (Network Management Protocol)
• ?????? (Network Management Information)

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??????

• ??? (Manager)
• ????????(Monitor)???(Control)???????????
• ??? (Agent)
• ???????,??????????????,????????,???????????

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??????

• ????????????????????????
• ???????????????????????????
• ????????????
• Internet??????
• SNMP (Simple Network Management)
• OSI??????
• CMIS/P (Common Management Information Service /
  Protocol)

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??????

• ????(Managed Object, MO)
• ????????,??????,?????,??MO?
• ????????????????,????????????ATM???,??????????????
  ,????????
• ????? (Management Information Base)
• ???????,??MIB?

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Status and Future Trends

• Status
• SNMP management
• Limited CMIP management
• Operations systems
• Polled systems
• Future trends
• Object-oriented approach
• Service and policy management
• Business management
• Web-based management

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????? (Management Pyramid)
Business Management
Customer Management
Service Management
Distributed System Management
Network Management
Element Management
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Functional Areas
Network Types
Stages
???? ?
Disciplines
Information Types
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????????
network
????
NM
...
Notification
RMON Device
RMON Device
Polling
Firewall / Router
...
Internet
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???????? (?)

• Polling (??)
• ??????????????????? ?
• ?????????,?????????,????515???
• Notification (??)
• ???????????,?????????????(Event Report)?