Title: Psychological Disorders
1Psychological Disorders
- An Introduction
- Stolen from www.appsychology.com
2- What are 2 major classifications of disorders?
- What makes a psychological disorder?
- What is the DSM-IV?
- What are culture-bound syndromes?
- What are anxiety disorders?
- What are mood disorders?
- What are somatoform disorders?
- What are dissociative disorders?
- What are schizophrenic disorders?
- What are sleep disorders?
- What are eating disorders?
- What are personality disorders?
- What is trephening?
- What is the Rosenhan Study?
3What is a Psychological Disorder?
- A harmful dysfunction in which behavior is
judged to be atypical, disturbing, maladaptive
and unjustifiable.
All this depends on
Is playing video games 5 hours per day a
disorder?
4Early Theories
- Afflicted people were possessed by evil spirits.
5Early Theories
- Music or singing was often used to chase away
spirits.
- In some cases trephening was used
Cutting a hole in the head of the afflicted to
let out the evil spirit.
6Trephening
7Early Theories
- Another theory was to make the body extremely
uncomfortable.
8History of Mental Disorders
- In the 1800s, disturbed people were no longer
thought of as madmen, but as mentally ill.
They were first put in hospitals.
Did this mean better treatment?
9Early Mental Hospitals
- They were nothing more than barbaric prisons.
- The patients were chained and locked away.
- Some hospitals even charged admission for the
public to see the crazies, just like a zoo.
10Philippe Pinel
- French doctor who was the first to take the
chains off and declare that these people are sick
and a cure must be found!!!
11Somatogenic
- At this time- it was believed that mental illness
had a bodily cause- Somatogenic. - Remember that soma body
But Somatogenic could not explain disorders such
as hysteria (now called conversion disorder).
Many disorders are psychogenic the origin is
psychological, not physical.
12Current Perspectives
- Medical Perspective psychological disorders are
sicknesses and can be diagnosed, treated and
cured.
13Current Perspectives
- Bio-Psycho-Social Perspective assumes
biological, psychological and sociocultural
factors combine to interact causing psychological
disorders.
Used to be called Diathesis-Stress Model
diathesis meaning predisposition and stress
meaning environment.
14Classifying Psychological Disorders
- What is the DSM-IV? Diagnostic Statistical Manual
of Mental Disorders the book to classify mental
disorders
Two Major Classifications
15Psychotic Disorders
- Person loses contact with reality, experiences
distorted perceptions
16Neurotic Disorders
- Distressing but one can still function in society
and act rationally - Spongebob may be hyperactive and manic, but not
psychotic.
17Personality Disorders
- Psychological disorders characterized by
inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that
impair social functioning.
18Personality Disorders
- Paranoid
- Antisocial
- Borderline
- Histrionic
- Narscisstic
- Schizoid
- Avoidant
- dependent
19Paranoid Personality Disorder
- Paranoid personality disorder is characterized by
a distrust of others and a constant suspicion
that people around you have sinister motives.
Everyone is out to get you.
20Paranoid Personality Disorder
- They search for hidden meanings in everything and
read hostile intentions into the actions of
others.
- They are quick to challenge the loyalties of
friends and loved ones and often appear cold and
distant to others. They usually shift blame to
others and tend to carry long grudges.
21Antisocial Personality Disorder
- antisocial personality disorder is characterized
by a lack of conscience
- People with this disorder are prone to criminal
behavior, believing that their victims are weak
and deserving of being taken advantage of. They
tend to lie and steal
22Antisocial Personality Disorder
- they are careless with money and take action
without thinking about consequences
They are often aggressive and are much more
concerned with their own needs than the needs of
others.
23Borderline Personality Disorder
- characterized by mood instability and poor
self-image
I hate you. Get away! . . . Why did you leave
me asshole?!
24Borderline Personality Disorder
- they will take their anger out on themselves,
causing themselves injury
Suicidal threats and actions are not uncommon
They are quick to anger when their expectations
are not met.
25Histrionic Personality Disorder
- constant attention seekers
They need to be the center of attention all the
time, often interrupting others in order to
dominate the conversation.
26Histrionic Personality Disorder
- They may dress provocatively or exaggerate
illnesses in order to gain attention.
They also tend to exaggerate friendships and
relationships, believing that everyone loves them
27Narcissistic Personality Disorder
- characterized by self-centeredness
They exaggerate their achievements, expecting
others to recognize them as being superior
28Narcissistic Personality Disorder
- They tend to be choosy about picking friends,
since they believe that not just anyone is worthy
of being their friend.
They are generally uninterested in the feelings
of others and may take advantage of them.
29Schizoid Personality Disorder
- People with schizoid personality disorder avoid
relationships and do not show much emotion
They genuinely prefer to be alone and do not
secretly wish for popularity.
30Schizoid Personality Disorder
- They tend to seek jobs that require little social
contact
Their social skills are often weak and they do
not show a need for attention or acceptance
They are perceived as humorless and distant and
often are termed "loners."
31Schizotypal Personality Disorder
- characterized by a need for social isolation, odd
behavior and thinking, and often unconventional
beliefs such as being convinced of having extra
sensory abilities. - Some people believe that schizotypal personality
disorder is a mild form of schizophrenia.
32Avoidant personality disorder
- characterized by a pervasive pattern of social
inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and extreme
sensitivity to negative evaluation. - consider themselves to be socially inept or
personally unappealing, and avoid social
interaction for fear of being ridiculed or
humiliated.
33Dependent personality disorder
- characterized by a pervasive psychological
dependence on other people. - has difficulty making everyday decisions without
an excessive amount of advice and reassurance
from others
34Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder
- characterized by a general psychological
inflexibility, rigid conformity to rules and
procedures, perfectionism, and excessive
orderliness. - people with OCPD tend to stress perfectionism
above all else, and feel anxious when they
perceive that things aren't "right".
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36Mood Disorders
- Psychological Disorders characterized by
emotional extremes.
- Major Depressive Disorder
- Seasonal Affective Disorder
37Depression
38Depression
39Major Depressive Disorder
- A person, for no apparent reason, experiences two
or more weeks of depressive moods.
Includes feelings of worthlessness and diminished
interest or pleasure in most activities.
40Dysthymic Disorder
- Suffering from mild depression every day for at
least two years.
41Seasonal Affective Disorder
42Bipolar Disorder
- Person alternates between the hopelessness and
lethargy of depression and the overexcited state
of mania.
43Famous People with Bipolar
44Bipolar Brain
45 Norepinephrine
Increases arousal and boosts moods.
46Suicide
47Suicide
48Eating disorders
- Anorexia starving yourself
- Bulimia binging and purging
- Both deal with poor self image
and - possibly body dysmorphic disorder
49Anxiety Disorders
- a group of conditions where the primary symptoms
are anxiety or defenses against anxiety.
the patient fears something awful will happen to
them.
Are anxiety disorders a neurosis or psychosis.?
50Anxiety disorders?
- GAD generalized anxiety disorder
- Panic disorder
- Phobias
- OCD obsessive compulsive disorder
51What is anxiety?
- is a state of intense apprehension, uneasiness,
uncertainty, or fear.
52Generalized Anxiety Disorder
- An anxiety disorder in which a person is
continuously tense, apprehensive and in a state
of autonomic nervous system arousal.
The patient is constantly tense and worried,
feels inadequate, is oversensitive, cant
concentrate and suffers from insomnia.
53Panic Disorder
- An anxiety disorder marked by a minutes-long
episode of intense dread in which a person
experiences terror and accompanying chest pain,
choking and other frightening sensations.
Can cause secondary disorders, such as
agoraphobia.
54Phobias
- A person experiences sudden episodes of intense
dread.
55Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
- An anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted
repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions
(compulsions).
56Common Examples of OCD
Common Obsessions Common Compulsions
Contamination fears of germs, dirt, etc. Washing
Imagining having harmed self or others Repeating
Imagining losing control of aggressive urges Checking
Intrusive sexual thoughts or urges Touching
Excessive religious or moral doubt Counting
Forbidden thoughts Ordering/arranging
A need to have things "just so" Hoarding or saving
A need to tell, ask, confess Praying
57Explanations for Anxiety Disorders
- You Learn them through conditioning.
58Dissociative Disorders
59What are dissociative disorders?
- DID dissociative identity disorder
- Dissociative amnesia
- Dissociative fugue
60What are dissociative disorders?
- Dissociative fuge
- Dissociative amnesia
- Dissociative identity disorder
61Dissociative Disorders
- Disorders in which conscious awareness becomes
separated (dissociated) from previous memories,
thoughts and feelings.
62Dissociative Amnesia
- This disorder is characterized by a blocking out
of critical personal information, usually of a
traumatic or stressful nature.
63Dissociative Amnesia
- Dissociative amnesia, unlike other types of
amnesia, does NOT result from other medical
trauma (e.g. a blow to the head).
64Dissociative Amnesia
- Localized amnesia is present in an individual who
has no memory of specific events that took place,
usually traumatic. The loss of memory is
localized with a specific window of time. For
example, a survivor of a car wreck who has no
memory of the experience until two days later is
experiencing localized amnesia. - Selective amnesia happens when a person can
recall only small parts of events that took place
in a defined period of time. For example, an
abuse victim may recall only some parts of the
series of events around the abuse. - Generalized amnesia is diagnosed when a person's
amnesia encompasses his or her entire life. - Systematized amnesia is characterized by a loss
of memory for a specific category of information.
A person with this disorder might, for example,
be missing all memories about one specific family
member.
65Dissociative Fugue
- An individual with dissociative fugue suddenly
and unexpectedly takes physical leave of his or
her surroundings and sets off on a journey of
some kind.
- These journeys can last hours, or even several
days or months.
66Dissociative Fugue
- Individuals experiencing a dissociative fugue
have traveled over thousands of miles.
An individual in a fugue state is unaware of or
confused about his identity, and in some cases
will assume a new identity (although this is the
exception).
67Dissociative Identity Disorder
- A rare dissociative disorder in which a person
exhibits two or more distinct and alternating
personalities.
- Also known as multiple personality disorder.
68Somatoform disorders
- Soma body
- Physical illnesses caused by the mind
- ex conversion disorder significant loss of
bodily function with no physical cause - Ex hysterical blindness blindness after
traumatic event (no physical cause) - Hysterical pregnancy body acts pregnant but no
baby! - Hypochondriasis excessive worry about getting
sick. -
69Schizophrenia
70How Prevalent?
- About 1 in every 100 people are diagnosed with
schizophrenia.
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72Symptoms of Schizophrenia
- Inappropriate Emotions and Actions
73Disorganized Thinking
- The thinking of a person with Schizophrenia is
fragmented and bizarre and distorted with false
beliefs.
- Disorganized thinking comes from a breakdown in
selective attention.- they cannot filter out
information.
Often causes
74Delusions (false beliefs)
75Disturbed Perceptions
- hallucinations- sensory experiences without
sensory stimulation.
76Inappropriate Emotions and Actions
- Laugh at inappropriate times.
- Flat Effect (no emotion)
- Senseless, compulsive acts.
- Catatonia- motionless Waxy Flexibility
77Positive v. Negative Symptoms
- Positive Symptoms
- Presence of inappropriate symptoms
- Negative Symptoms
- Absence of appropriate ones.
78Types of Schizophrenia
79Paranoid Schizophrenia
- preoccupation with delusions or hallucinations.
- Somebody is out to get me!!!!
80Disorganized Schizophrenia
- disorganized speech or behavior, or flat or
inappropriate emotion.
81Catatonic Schizophrenia
- parrot like repeating of anothers speech and
movements
82Undifferentiated Schizophrenia
- Many and varied Symptoms.
83-
- 1 A person who seeks therapy form a clinical
psychologist because she is tense, has difficulty
sitting still, and is continually worried about
the future is suffering from a/an
____________________ disorder. - A) anxiety
- B) panic
- C) obsessive-compulsive
- D) somatoform
84- 2 A college student seeks help from the
counseling center because he is experiencing
frequent episodes during which he becomes very
fearful, or even terrified, often for no apparent
reason. A likely diagnosis for this student's
problem is ___________. - A) phobic
- B) dysthymic
- C) panic
- D) conversion
85- 3 A person who has developed such an intense
fear of insects that she rarely leaves her
apartment has developed a _______________
disorder. - A) panic
- B) post-traumatic stress
- C) bipolar
- D) phobic
86- 4. A student visits the student health service
several times each week complaining of severe
stomach pain, but no physical cause of his
symptoms can be found. The student is
experiencing a __________ disorder. - A) panic
- B) bipolar
- C) somatoform
- D) dissociative
87- 5. A young man found wandering the streets of
his hometown claimed that he did not know his
name or where he lived. He was taken to a
hospital for examination, but no physical
injuries were found. After several days in the
hospital, he awoke and remembered that he had had
an argument with his parents that included
threats of physical violence on both sides. In
order to escape this stressful situation, the
young man developed ____________________. - A) dissociative amnesia
- B) learned helplessness
- C) agoraphobia
- D) catatonic schiziophrenia
88- 6 A middle-aged woman did not return from a
shopping trip one day and was not found until the
police located her in another city three months
later. Formerly a restaurant owner, she was
working as a server in a restaurant and had just
been promoted to a supervisory role. She had
rented an apartment and was engaged to be
married. This behavior is an example of
____________________. - A) paranoid schizophrenia
- B) post-traumatic stress disorder
- C) dissociative fugue
- D) bipolar disorder
89- 7. A psychologist who spends most of his time
treating people suffering from depression and
bipolar disorders focuses on ____________________.
- A) phobic disorders
- B) somatoform disorders
- C) dissociative disorders
- D) mood disorders
90- 8 A college student seen by a counseling
psychologist stated that he had cut almost all
his classes during the past two weeks, had
experienced difficulty sleeping, and felt like
his academic situation was hopeless. The
psychologist's diagnosis would be
_____________________. - A) dissociative disorder
- B) major depressive disorder
- C) undifferentiated schizophrenia
- D) bipolar disorder
91- 9. After being depressed for two years following
her divorce, a middle-aged woman makes an
appointment with a clinical psychologist. She
tells the psychologist that in addition to her
mood, she lost weight and has never felt happy
for more than a week during this time. The
psychologist's diagnosis would be
____________________, - A) bipolar disorder
- B) major depressive disorder
- C) paranoid schizophrenia
- D) dysthymic disorder
92- 10. For the past two weeks, a realtor has been so
depressed that she can barely make the effort to
show houses to prospective buyers. However, this
period of depression was preceded by a similar
period when her energy and enthusiasm enabled her
to sell several houses. She is consulting a
clinical psychologist because this is a recurring
behavior pattern. The psychologist's diagnosis
will be ______________________. - A) major depressive disorder
- B) hypochondriasis
- C) bipolar disorder
- D) panic disorder
93- 11. Because of his age, a man in late middle age
has been unable to find a permanent job since
being laid off by his employer three years ago.
During this time, he has had to sell many of his
possessions and has been unable to provide the
medical care his wife requires. He is referred to
a clinical psychologist because he is apathetic
and tells people that he can do nothing about his
situation. This behavior is an example of
____________________. - A) learned helplessness
- B) post-traumatic stress disorder
- C) catatonic schizophrenia
- D) antisocial personality disorder
94- 12. A psychologist who bases his diagnosis of a
man's mental disorder primarily on the presence
of hallucinations and delusions is making a
diagnosis of ____________________. - A) phobic disorder
- B) mood disorder
- C) dysthymia
- D) schizophrenia
95- 13. A man believes that his escape from a house
destroyed by a tornado was a message that he has
a special mission in life to advise the president
about religious matters. He has been referred to
a clinical psychologist because he believes that
people opposed to his views are attempting to
kill him in order to keep him from expressing
them. The psychologist diagnosis would be
________________ schizophrenia. - A) catatonic
- B) disorganized
- C) paranoid
- D) undifferentiated
96- 14. A clinical psychologist is treating a man
whose behavior includes hallucinations,
delusions, and incoherent speech and mannerisms.
However, the man's behavior does not clearly fit
a particular type of schizophrenia. The man's
behavior is an example of _______________
schizophrenia. - A) catatonic
- B) disorganized
- C) paranoid
- D) undifferentiated
97- 15. A clinical psychologist explains his
diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia to a client's
family by stating that the client had a genetic
predisposition to develop the disorder and that
the stress of losing her job was probably the
precipitating event. The psychologist's
explanation is based on _______________. - A) the diathesis-stress view
- B) learned helplessness
- C) an insanity defense
- D) DSM-IV
98- History and Approaches (2-4) (no)
- Research and Methods (6-8) (no)
- Biological Bases of Behavior (8-10) (50)
- Sensation and Perception (7-9) (yes)
- States of Consciousness (2-4) (maybe next week)
- Learning (7-9) (totally)
- Cognition (8-10) (no)
- Motivation and Emotion (7-9) (a little from sex
film) - Developmental Psychology (7-9) (80)
- Personality (6-8) (all the hard stuff 80)
- Testing and Individual Differences (5-7)
(intelligence 70) - Abnormal Psychology (7-9) (yes!!)
- Treatment of Psychological Disorders (5-7) (yes)
- Social Psychology (7-9) (today)