Lecture No 10 Extending the Processor

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Lecture No 10 Extending the Processors Power
to Other Devices Microcomputer
ProcessorsCreating Computer Programs
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Extending the Processors Power to Other Devices

• All the components of the computer are tied into
  CPU by BUS.
• Can plug the devices into existing Sockets or
  Ports.
• If no Ports available then install a board that
  includes the required ports.

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Extending the Processors Power to Other Devices

• Parallel Ports
• 25 holes.
• It transfers 8 bits at a time.
• Makes Data transfer several times faster than
  serial ports.
• Monitor is connected to the system through
  Parallel port.

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Extending the Processors Power to Other Devices

• Serial Ports
• 9-25 pins
• Data bits are transmitted one at a time.
• PCs come with dedicated serial ports for keyboard
  and mice.
• UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver
  Transmitter)
• It converts parallel data from the bus into
  serial data that flows through serial ports.

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Extending the Processors Power to Other Devices

• Specialized expansion ports
• - Extends the computer bus to establish links
  with peripheral devices.

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Examples of Specialized Expansion Ports

• SCSI (Small Computer System Interface)
• - 1 card, daisy chain the devices and Fast.
• USB
• - connect up to 127 devices, 1 or 2 USB ports.
• IEEE 1394 (FireWire)
• - 1 port. Used as standard for plugging video and
  High data throughput devices.
• Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI)
• Plug in musical instruments. For recording,
  writing and performing. Lighting, drum machines,
  synthesizers.

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System Expansion

• When a user wants to have more of memory than the
  normally used memory or more sound, graphics
  capabilities than the normal ones, then that can
  be possible through Add-in Boards or PC cards.

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Add-in Boards

• Add in Boards expand the functions of the system.
• Card-Like pieces of circuitry that plug into
  Expansion Slots within the system.
• These enable the users to add specific types of
  peripheral devices or expand the capabilities of
  the system.
• E.g. Accelerator Board, Fax\Modem Board, Sound
  Board etc

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Plug and Play

• The Plug and Play standard makes it easier to
  install hardware via an existing port or
  expansion slot.
• Plug in the hardware, OS detects a new components
  automatically, checks the correct drivers and
  load the required necessary files.

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PC Card

• Another type of expansion card.
• Almost the size of a credit card.
• A PC card fits into a slot on the back or side of
  the notebook computer to provide new functions.
• It is used for variety of purposes, can house
  Disk drives, network cards, memory.
• Three types
• Type I ( To add Memory), Type II ( To add
  Networking or sound capability), Type III (
  Removable Hard drives)

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Microcomputer Processors

• Intel
• Advanced Micro Devices (AMD)
• Motorola processors
• RISC
• Parallel processing

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CPUs Used in Personal Computers Intel
Processors

• Since 1978, Intel's processors have evolved from
  the 8086 and the 8088 to the 80286, 80386 and
  80486, to the Pentium family of processors. All
  are part of the 80x86 line.
• Intel's Pentium family of processors includes the
  Pentium, Pentium Pro, Pentium with MMX, Pentium
  II, Pentium III, IV, Celeron, and Xeon
  processors.
• The earliest Intel processors included only a few
  thousand transistors. Today's Pentium processors
  include 9.5 million transistors or more.

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Latest Technology - Intel

• Speed doubles every 18 months.
• Pentium 4- up to 3.2 GHz, 50 Million transistors
• Pentium III /Xeon- up to 2.0 GHz, 50 Million
  transistors.
• Celeron- up to 1.8 GHz, 40 Million transistors
• Itanium- up to 2 GHz, 32 bit.
• Centrino Mobile Technology.

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CPUs Used in Personal Computers AMD Processors

• Advanced Micro Devices was long known as a
  provider of lower-performance processors for use
  in low-cost computers.
• With its K6 line of processors, AMD challenged
  Intel's processors in terms of both price and
  performance.
• With the Athlon, AMD broke the 1.0 GHz barrier,
  claiming the fastest processor title for the
  first time in IBM-compatible computers.

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CPUs Used in Personal Computers Motorola
Processors

• Motorola makes the CPUs used in Macintosh (680x0)
  and PowerPC computers.
• 1) 680x0 family 2) PowerPc Family
• Macintosh processors use a different basic
  structural architecture than IBM-compatible PC
  processors.
• With the release of the G3 and G4 PowerPC
  processors, Macintosh computers set new standards
  for price and performance. New G5, 64-bit.

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Apples G4 computers are based on Motorola
processors
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CPUs Used in Personal Computers- RISC Processors

• Most PCs are based on complex instruction set
  computing (CISC) chips which contain large
  200-300 instruction sets.
• Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC)
  processors use smaller instruction sets. This
  enables them to process more instructions per
  second than (CISC) chips.
• RISC processors are found in Apple's PowerPC
  systems, as well as many H/PCs, workstations.
  Popular in minicomputers (AS/400), and
  mainframes.

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Compaqs Alpha Server computers are based onRISC
processors
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CPUs Used in PCs - Parallel Processing or
Symmetric multiprocessing (SMP)

• In parallel processing, multiple processors are
  used in a single system, enabling them to share
  processing tasks.

• In a Massively Parallel Processor (MPP) system,
  many processors are used.
• Some MPP systems utilize thousands of processors
  simultaneously.

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Creating Computer Programs
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Computer Program

• A set of instructions or statements, also called
  code, to be carried out by the computers CPU.

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Examples of Common Program Extensions

• Executable (.EXE) files
• Dynamic link library (.DLL) files
• Initialization (.INI) files
• Help (.HLP) files

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Files

• Typically, a program is stored as a collection of
  files. Some common file types used in programs
  are
• Executable (.EXE) files actually send commands to
  the processor.
• Dynamic Link Library (.DLL) files are partial
  .EXE files.
• Initialization (.INI) files contain configuration
  information for a program.
• Help (.HLP) files contain information for the
  user.

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Interrupt

• A preprogrammed set of steps that the CPU
  follows.

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Machine Code

• Also called machine language.
• The 1s and 0s that form the language of computer
  hardware.

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Programming Language

• A Higher-level language than machine language,
  enables the programmer to describe a program
  using a variation of basic English.

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Source Code

• File where programming instructions are kept.

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Ways to Convert Source Code to Machine Code

• Compiler converts a source code program into
  machine language. Creates an executable file.
• C, Java, COBOL, Fortran, Visual Basic
• Interpreter translates the code on the fly.
  Results immediately. No executable file produced.
  
• BASIC, Unix, Perl

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Program Control Flow

• The order in which program statements are
  executed

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How Programs Solve Problems Program Control
Flow

• The order in which program statements are
  executed is called program control flow.
• To determine program control flow, programmers
  may use a flowchart to map the program's
  sequence.
• Programmers may also create a simple text version
  of a program's code called pseudo code to
  determine how the program will flow.

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Flowchart

• A chart that uses arrows and symbols to show the
  order in which a programs statement will run.

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Pseudo code

• Simplified text version of programming code.

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Algorithm

• The steps represented in a flowchart that lead to
  a desired result are called an algorithm.

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Common Flow Patterns

• To determine when and where to pass program
  control, a developer may use conditional
  statements or loops.
• A conditional statement determines whether a
  condition is true. If so, control flows to the
  next part of the program.
• A loop repeats again and again until a condition
  is met. Control then passes to another part of
  the program.

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Common Flow Patterns

• Conditional statement
• - A conditional statement determines whether a
  condition is true. If so, control flows to the
  next part of the program.
• Loop
• - A loop repeats again and again until a
  condition is met. Control then passes to another
  part of the program.

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Examples of Loops

• For
• While
• Do-while

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How Programs Solve Problems - Variables and
Functions

• A variable is a named placeholder for data that
  is being processed. Programs contain variables
  to hold inputs from users.
• A function is a set of steps that are followed to
  perform a specific task. By assembling a
  collection of functions together, a developer can
  build a complete program.

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Structured Programming

• The practice of building programs using a set of
  well-defined structures.

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Three Control Structures of Structured Programming

• Sequence structure (flow of the program) branch
• Selection structures (if blocks T/F)
• Repetition or looping structures (checks a
  condition loop repeats while condition is true

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Syntax

• Programming language rules.

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Syntax Examples

• Provide information in a certain order and
  structure
• Use special symbols
• Use punctuation (sometimes)

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Three Programming Categories Based on Evolution

• Machine languages
• Assembly languages
• Higher-level languages

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Fading Third-Generation Languages

• FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslator)
• COBOL (COmmon Business Oriented Language)
• BASIC (Beginners All-Purpose Symbolic
  Instruction Code)
• Pascal

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Thriving Third-Generation Languages

• C
• C
• Java
• ActiveX

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Fourth-Generation Languages (4GLs)

• Builds programs with a front end, which is an
  interface that hides much of the program from the
  user
• Provides prototypes, which are samples of the
  finished programs.

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Examples of Fourth-Generation Languages

• Visual Basic (VB)
• VisualAge
• Authoring environments

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Fifth-Generation Languages (5GLs)

• Advanced authoring environments considered by
  some to be 5GLs

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World Wide Web Development Languages

• HyperText Markup Language (HTML)
• Extensible Markup Language (XML)
• Wireless Markup Language (WML)
• Dreamweaver
• Flash
• Director