3 ARGUMENT TYPES

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3 ARGUMENT TYPES

• STUDENT SAMPLES

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What type of argument?

• Cloning technology should not be widely used in
  our life. My reasons are as follows. For one
  thing, cloning technology itself isnt mature
  enough and not many evidences (sic) can prove its
  reliability on human beings. In fact, the
  cloning species are always of low survival rate
  like the sheep Dolly. Hence, there is a long
  scientific way to go before it can be safely
  applied on humans.

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• CLAIM

• TYPE/PROOF

• Cloning species has low survival rate.

• ARGUMENT FROM AUTHORITY.
• You will need to site the testimony of experts in
  the field
• More than one expert will be required
• Are there competing opinions?

4

• Smoking Should Be Banned in China
• Smoking should be banned in China. There are
  three reasons for the claim. First and
  foremost,EW smoking is really harmful to our
  health. According to the statistics, many people
  in China die of smoking.
• EW The mere fact that you are putting it first
  probably means it is foremost.
• Also, never use Last but not least

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• CLAIM

• PROOF/TYPE

• Smoking harms health

• Although this is a causal claim (smoking causes
  harm to health) you will need to site statistics
  to prove this
• Here, statistics are a type of Authority

6

• Nuclear plants should be forbidden. First and
  foremost, EWthe radiation effect triggered by
  nuclear explosion is devastating. Nuclear
  disasters have been on the rising curve in recent
  years. Lets spare a thought (sic) for the
  disastrous earthquake which jolted Japan on
  March11th, 2011.

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• CLAIM

• Proof/type

• Nuclear accidents are on the rise

• Here you will need statistical evidence
  (authority) that this is the case or the
  testimony of experts
• It would also be helpful to list examples (at
  least three)

8

• Today, the economy of China is developing at a
  steady speed, but we still need a large number of
  talents. Talents are NCE the most valuable
  resources of a country in the economic
  competition. Clearly the emigration of too many
  Chinese elites makes a rather bad influence on
  our national economy. So it is the responsibility
  of our government to take measures on the
  problem.
• NCE Talent is

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• CLAIM

• PROOF/TYPE

• Emigration of too many Chinese causes economic
  difficulty

• A causal argument that will probably require
  the testimony of economic experts ultimately to
  validate.
• Hence, reduces to an argument from authority

10

• On the surface, selling organs is a kind of
  personal behavior without impairing others
  benefit. Even if there is any loss or damage, the
  seller will be the only victim. But humans
  social attribute reveals the absurdity of this
  view. On one hand, the healthy growth of a
  seller, or that of the sellers organs, is
  inseparable from family and society. After
  enjoying years of care and support from family
  and society, the seller has no right to do
  anything that may hurt his or her body

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• CLAIM

• PROOF/TYPE

• Selling organs will harm the body

12

• CLAIM

• PROOF/TYPE

• Selling organs will harm the body

• A causal argument that will probably require
  the testimony of statistics and/or experts in
  order to verify
• A couple of examples (e.g. people who were harmed
  by giving their organs) could help to highlight
  the point

13

• Many people, especially women, pursue cosmetic
  surgery in order to be more beautiful. In my
  opinion, taking cosmetic surgery is unwise.
  Firstly, its dangerous to have cosmetic
  surgery.If doctors cant operate such surgery
  successfully, patients would be fail to achieve
  their preliminary goal or even be disfigured

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• CLAIM

• PROOF/TYPE

• Cosmetic surgery is dangerous

• A Causal argument that requires statistics and
  the testimony of experts AUTHORITY
• A few EXAMPLES would help to make the claim more
  vivid

15

• Thus the commercialization of human organs not
  only challenges the long-established value that
  life is priceless, but also blasphemes and
  violates the dignity of all mankind

16

• CLAIM

• PROOF/TYPE

• Commercialization of organs challenges long
  established value that life is priceless

17

• CLAIM

• PROOF/TYPE

• Commercialization of organs challenges long
  established value that life is priceless

• Provide quotes from different cultures and
  different time periods about the value of life
• Argument from Examples

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• Second, after the legalization of drugs, the
  price can be lower, and then many people can
  afford it. They will not need to rub or steal
  something to get money. To some extent, the
  legalization of drugs can decrease the crime rate
  and make the society be more stable

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• Legalizing drugs will lower crime rate

• A causal claim that (1) legalizing drugs--)(2)
  lower prices for drugs---)lower crime rate
• Perhaps best proved by looking at EXAMPLES of
  places where drugs have been legalized to see
  whether all this has in fact happened

20

• Plastic bags were once rated as the worst
  invention of 21st Century by The Guardian. In my
  perspective,plastic bags should be completely
  forbidden since they play a quite harmful role at
  present. First of all, people still use plenty of
  plastic bags in daily life and EOS4the problem
  of white pollution is getting worse and
  worse.Plastic bags have a relatively stable
  structure so that they hardly decompose back into
  its elements. Therefore, the plastic bags buried
  in the soil can be a great threat to the quality
  of our soil

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• CLAIM

• PROOF/TYPE

• Plastic bags are a threat to the quality of the
  soil

• At its core a causal claim (the existence of
  plastic bag CAUSES harm to the environment).
• Evidence on how long it takes plastic bags to
  degrade will probably come from the testimony of
  experts AUTHORITY
• Discussion about the chemical composition of bags
  would likewise require support of authority

22

• The question of whether it is reasonable to
  forbid Muslim women to wear burka in France has
  arisen wca heated controversy around the world.
  Some people argue that this statute could
  eliminate the national discrimination to some
  degree just on the account that it will be not so
  easy to recognize the Muslims in the street any
  more.

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• CLAIM

• Eliminating the wearing of the burka will
  eliminate discrimination

• A causal claim (1) no burka---) cant be
  identified as Muslim---)cant be discriminated
  against

24

• What should a terminally ill patient do? Live
  with more pain or leave by euthanasia?
  euthanasia relieves their families, who have to
  pay high medical expenses to give them intensive
  care. It is a sweet but quite heavy burden,
  especially to a poor family.

25

• With the constant growing up of pop music and
  movies recently, the recorded-music market and
  movie market have gradually gained its population
  among youngsters. However, there is a phenomenon
  that people increasingly prefer to buy pirate
  DVDs instead of legitimate copies. Since this is
  no good for the development of legal markets,
  pirate DVDs should not be allowed. First and
  foremost, (EW) the selling of pirate DVDs can
  largely affect the normal operation of the
  legalized music and movie markets.

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• The news that someone sold his kidney in order to
  pay a debt of 5000 yuan is not strange to us any
  more. It seems there is an appeal to get selling
  peoples organs legalized. However, as far as Im
  concerned, (1) people should not be allowed to
  sell their organs. First, allowing people to sell
  organs may lead to crimes. Driven by their
  interest-oriented motives, many people may kidnap
  the innocents in order to trade their organs for
  money. (2

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• Last but not least, (EW) allowing people to sell
  organs will be a hazard for diseases, which may
  be communicated to others through the organs sold
  by those who carry a certain disease. Therefore,
  it should not be allowed to sell organs.(

28

• That some representatives a few months ago
  proposed to put back the retirement age has
  sparked heated discussion. EW It is hard to dig
  NCE their motives, but easy to see that this
  decision, if made, would not be beneficial for
  the majority.
• First of all, if fewer people retired at a proper
  age, society could not provide enough
  employments.

29

• First of all, the love between the same genders
  deserves respect and understanding. (1) People
  cannot determine their sexual preferences.