TRADITIONAL THEORY

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TRADITIONAL THEORY

• By 1st GROUP
• IMAN RAFIYAL PUTRA (0611310011)
• CUT NORA USRINA (0611310045)
• VERAYANTI (0611310038)
• FANNI AZIA ROSSA (0611310055)

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GROUNDING FOR THE METAPHYSICS OF MORAL

• Immanuel Kant
• Kant begins the first section by distinguishing
  between things that are good without
  qualification or unconditionally good and
  things that are good, but only qualifiedly under
  certain conditions.

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• The one thing that is good without qualification,
  according to Kant, is (what he calls) a good
  will. A good will is the only thing we can even
  imagine is good without qualification.
• If a good will is unconditionally good than its
  value, Kant point out, cannot depend upon its
  having good effects. For if its value did depend
  on its having good effect it would be valuable
  only on the condition that it has those effects.

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• If moral concepts have their seat and origin
  completely a priori in reason, though, they must
  be understandable wholly without appeal to
  aspects of the human condition that can be known
  only from experience. No doubt moral concepts can
  be applied to people and the situations they face
  only in light of specific information experiences
  provides, but the concepts themselves must be
  comprehensible independent of knowledge provided
  by experience.

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• The distinctive and defining features of rational
  being, according to Kant, is their capacity to
  act as they do because of their conception of
  laws their capacity not merely to be pushed
  around by forces but to act as they thing the
  should (a capacity hat involves being governed by
  their representation of some opinion as good or
  required). In a perfectly rational being, the
  representation of something as good or required
  it by itself, and without resistance, sufficient
  for action.
• Kant next offers some important observations
  concerning what could not serve as the source of
  foundation of morals. In particular, he argues,
  morality cannot legitimately be grounded merely
  in human nature, even as it applies to humans and
  applies in a way that is sensitive to our nature.

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THE JUTIFICATION OF HUMAN RIGHTSDenis G. Arnold

• Human rights are rights enjoyed by human not
  because we are members of the species Homo
  Sapiens, but because fully functional member of
  our species are persons. Personhood is a
  metaphysical category that may or may not e
  unique to Homo Sapiens. To be a person one must
  be capable of reflecting on ones desires at a
  second-order level, and one must be capable of
  acting in a manner consistent with ones
  considered preferences. (Dworkin, 1998Frankfurt,
  1988).

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• Gerwirth provides a rigorous and detailed
  justification of human rights. As with any major
  philosophical theory, Gerwirths defense of human
  rights has been criticized on various grounds.
• Deryck Beyleveld has provides a masterful and
  persuasive defense of Gerwirths argument
  concerning the justification of human rights in
  his own important work in the subject. It is
  sometime argued that human rights can not be
  justified without appealing to the specific
  religious or legal traditions.

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• Human rights are moral right that apply to all
  persons in all nations, regardless of whether the
  nation in which a person resides acknowledges and
  protect those right. It is in this sense that
  human right are said to be inalienable. Human
  right differ from legal rights in that, unlike
  legal rights, the existence of human rights is
  not contingent upon any institutions. Some nation
  ensure that the rights of citizens are protected
  by effective policing and a independent judiciary.

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ON THE CONNECTION BETWEEN JUSTICE AND UTILITY

• The idea of justice suppose two things
• a rule of conduct
• a sentiment which sanctions the rule.

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• It appears from what has been said that justice
  is a name for certain moral requirements which,
  regarded collectively, stand higher in the scale
  of social utility, and are therefore of more
  paramount obligation, than any others, though
  particular cases may occur in which some other
  social duty is so important as to overrule any
  one of the general maxims of justice.

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SOME PROBLEMS OF UTILITARIANISM

• Two features of utilitarian theory require
  clarification at the outset
• First, it is a theory of both personal morality
  and social justice. A good man is one who strives
  to maximize the sum total of happiness (his own
  plus others), and the good society is one the
  seeks to maximize that sum total.
• Second, the maximand, as most utilitarians view
  it, is not a particular psychological
  stateecstasy or euphoria or whateverbut is the
  broadest possible concept of satisfaction

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ARISTOTELIAN ETHIC

• Aristotle makes some important preliminary about
  the study of ethic
• First, ethical inquiry is not the kind of
  investigation in which the primary objective is
  abstract knowledge of the good, the aim is to
  become a good person or develop a moral character
  
• A second claim Aristotle makes early on lends a
  degree of irony or paradox to the study of ethics

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• Aristotle is something of pragmatist of realist
  in two respects
• He does not regard knowledge as separate from
  action.
• Te good is something that can only be roughly
  or provisionally given.

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DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE

• The two principles of justice are
• Each person engaged in an institutions or
  affected by it has equal right to the most
  extensive liberty compatible with a like liberty
  for all.
• Inequalities as defined by the institutional
  structure or fostered by it are arbitrary unless
  it is reasonable to expect that they will work
  out to everyones advantage and provide that the
  positions and office to which they attach or from
  which they may be gained are open to all.

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ENTITLEMENT THEORY

• Entitlement Theory is a theory of private
  property created by Robert Nozick. Nozicks
  theory is basically ethic according to contract
  rights. The theory is Nozicks attempt to
  describe justice in holding or what can be said
  about and done with the property people own when
  viewed from a principle of justice

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The subject of justice in holdings consists of
three major topics.

• A principle of justice in acquisition This
  principle deals with the initial acquisition of
  holdings.
• A principle of justice in transfer This
  principle explain how one person can acquire
  holdings from another, including voluntary
  exchange and gifts.
• A principle of rectification of injustice How
  to deal with holdings that are unjustly acquired
  or transferred, whether and how much victims can
  be compensated, how to deal with long past
  transgressions or injustices done by a
  government, and so on.

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• The following inductive definition would
  exhaustively cover the subject of justice in
  holdings
• A person who acquires a holding in accordance
  with the principle of justice in acquisition is
  entitled to that holding.
• A person who acquires a holding in accordance
  with the principle of justice in transfer, from
  someone else entitled to the holding.
• No one is entitled to a holding expect by
  (repeated) application of 1 and 2.

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FUNDAMENTAL INTERNATIONAL RIGHT

• Donaldson defines a fundamental international
  right as satisfying three conditions
• The right must be protect something of great
  importance
• The right must be subject to substantial and
  recurrent threats
• The duties associated with the right must be
  limited in light of fairness and affordability

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The following list contains items that appear to
satisfy the three conditions and hence to qualify
as fundamental international right

• The right to freedom of physical movement
• The right to ownership property
• The right to freedom from torture
• The right to a fair trial
• The right to nondiscriminatory treatment
• The right to physical security
• The right to freedom of speech and association
• The right to minimal education
• The right to political participation
• The right to subsistence.

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MODEL BUSINESS PRINCIPLES

• Provision of a safe and healthy workplace
• Fair employment practices
• Responsible environmental protection and
  environmental practices
• Compliance with U.S. and local laws promoting
  good business practices
• Maintenance, through leadership at all levels

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MODEL BUSINESS PRINSIPLES Procedure

• Voluntary Statement of Business Principles
• Efforts by U.S. Business
• Efforts by the U.S. Government also will
  undertake a number of activities to generate
  support for the Model Business Principles

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SECTION 1. PREAMBLE SECTION 2. GENERAL PRINCIPLES

• Principle 1. The Responsibilities of Businesses
  Beyond Shareholders Toward Stakeholders
• Principle 2. The Economic and Social Impact of
  Businesses Toward Innovation, Justice and
  World Community
• Principle 3. Business Behavior Beyond the Letter
  Of the law Toward a Spirit of Trust
• Principle 4. Respect for the rules
• Principle 5. Support for Multilateral Trade
• Principle 6. Respect for the Environment
• Principle 7. Avoidance of Illicit Operations

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SECTION 3. STAKEHOLDER PRINCIPLES

• Customers
• Employees
• Owners/Investors
• Suppliers
• Competitors
• Communities

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INTERNATIONAL ETHICS STANDARDS FOR BUSINESS

• NAFTA
• Caux Principles