Module 17 Part II

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Module 17Part II

• Infancy Childhood

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Cognition and Intelligence

• Pioneered by Jean Piaget
• Studied how children solve problems in natural
  settings
• Assumes that cognitive development is influenced
  by maturation, experience, and social learning
• Proposes 4 major stages

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Constructivist View

• Intelligence is a form of adaptationa matter of
• appropriate fit
• Individuals use schemata to understand features
  of the world these are the vehicle of adaptation
• These are developed via
• Assimilation use old methods (schema) to deal
  with new situations
• Accommodation changes old methods to adjust to
  new situations
• This happens when experience fails to conform to
• existing schemata

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Methods

• Observational and interview studies of
  development
• Observed and recorded young children in their
  play
• Questioned them to elicit how they understood the
  world
• Piaget What makes the wind?
• Julia The trees.
• Piaget How do you know?
• Julia I saw them waving their arms.
• Piaget How does that make the wind?
• Julia (waving her hand in front of his face)
  Like this. Only they
• are bigger. And there are lots of trees.
• Piaget What makes the wind on the ocean?
• Julia It blows there from the land. No. It's the
  waves...
• Are Julias explanations intelligible?

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Sensorimotor stage (birth - 2 years old)

• The child, through physical interaction with his
  or her
• environment, develops a set of schema for
  interacting with objects.
• Initially tied directly to what the child can
  interact with (out of sight, gone)-object
  permanence
• 9 mos, develop object permanence

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Preoperational stage (ages 2-7)

• The child recognizes that objects continue to
  exist when out of sight talks about draws
  them can pretend
• Uses words images in speech play
• Represents world from an egocentric point of view
  
• Not able to conceptualize abstract needs
  concrete, physical situations
• Fails conservation tasks conservation (v)
  when shape of object/substance is changed, total
  amount remains same

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Original Setup
Alter as Shown
Ask Child
Usual Answer
Which has more liquid?
Conservation of liquid
Has more
Do they both weigh the same, or does one weigh
more than the other?
Conservation of mass
Weighs more
Are there still as many pennies as nickels, or
more of one than the other?
Conservation of number
More
Are they the same length, or is one longer?
Conservation of length
Is longer
Is one pencil as long as the other, or is one
longer?
Conservation of length
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Cognitive DevelopmentPreoperational Stage
Cut it up into A LOT of slices, Mom. Im really
hungry!!
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Concrete operations (ages 7-11)

• Begins to be able to take other points of view.
  As physical experience accumulates, the child
  starts to represent things allocentrically.
• Can classify according to more than one category
• Some abstract problem solving is also possible at
  this stage. For example, arithmetic equations can
  be solved with numbers, not just with objects.

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Formal operations (12-adulthood)

• Child's cognitive structures are like those of an
  adult and include theorizing and abstract
  reasoning can think logically

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Cognitive Development

• Thinking in a New Key

• Concrete to abstract
• Ifthen
• Alternatives
• Future perspective
• Gray areas
• Empathy Perspective

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Evaluation of Piagets Theory

• Impact
• Far more comprehensive than any other theory at
  the time
• Triggered a lot of research development of
  additional theories of cognitive development
• Many of his ideas have been correct replicated
• ?Criticisms
• -4 stages not as rigid or orderly as he proposed
• -Theory does not explain how or why thinking
  occurs
• -children failed some of tasks because they did
  not understand directions

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New Information

• Genetic factors
• Now identify genetic factors that influence
  memory, learning cognitive abilities
• Recent studies have shown how genetic factors
  interact with a childs environmental learning
  experiences in the development of cognitive
  abilities.
• ?Brain development
• -New knowledge of how the brain develops not
  known when Piaget proposed his theory

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Social Development

• Social development how a person develops a sense
  of self-identity, develops relationships with
  others, and develops the kinds of social skills
  important in social interactions.
• Three theories

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Freuds Psychosexual Stage

• Five developmental periods during which
  -individual seeks pleasure from different areas
  of the body that are associated with sexual
  feelings
• -emphasizes first five years as most important
  to social personality development.
• Focuses on conflicts between childs desires
  parents wishes.

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Stage 1

• Oral stage early infancy-first 18 months
• -Potential conflict infants pleasure is
  centered around the mouth pleasure-seeking
  activities sucking, chewing, biting
• -Fixation at this stage oral wishes gratified
  too much or little, continue to seek oral
  gratification as an adult

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Stage 2

• Anal stage late infancy-1 ½-3 years
• Potential conflict infants pleasure seeking is
  centered on the anus its functions of
  elimination
• Fixation at this stage continue to engage in
  activities related to retention or elimination,
  such as being stingy or being rigid for
  elimination, being generous or messy

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Stage 3

• Phallic stage early childhood-3-6 years
• Potential conflict when the infants pleasure
  seeking is centered on the genitals.
• Competes with parent of the same sex for the
  affections pleasure of the parent of the
  opposite sex
• Problems in resolving Electra complex-feelings
  of inferiority for women something to prove for
  men

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Stages 4 5

• Latency stage 6 years-puberty
• Potential conflict child represses sexual
  thoughts engages in nonsexual activities,
  developing social intellectual skills
• Genital stage puberty through adulthood
• Potential conflict individual has renewed sexual
  desires he/she seeks to fulfill through
  relationships with members of the opposite sex
• If conflicts resolved in first 3 stages, develops
  loving relationships healthy mature
  personality

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Ericksons Psychosocial Stages

• Psychosocial stages 8 developmental periods
  during which an individuals primary goal is to
  satisfy desires associated with social needs
• Stage 1 Trust vs. mistrust birth-first year
• Problem needs care attention
• met not met
• develops world is uncaring
• basic trust mistrustful

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Stage 2

• Autonomy vs. shame doubt 1-3 years
• Problem battles of wills between hers parents
  wishes
• met not met
• develop autonomy feels independence
• is bad feels shame doubt

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Stage 3

• Initiative vs. guilt 3-5 years
• Problem child needs to assume responsibility
  make plans
• met not met
• ability to plan feels guilty feels
• initiate new things unable to plan for
• future

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Stage 4

• Industry vs. inferiority 5-12 years
• Problem child needs to direct her energy into
  working at completing tasks
• met not met
• Develops industry difficulty applying
  oneself feeling or inferiority
• ?Identity vs. role confusion adolescence
• Problem needs to be responsible plan
• met not met
• sense of confidence role confusion low
• positive identity self- esteem socially
  withdrawn

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Banduras Social Cognitive Theory

• Social cognitive theory emphasizes the
  importance of learning through observation,
  imitation, and self-reward in development of
  social skills, interactions behaviors
  behaviors are self-motivated, or intrinsic.

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Overcoming Childhood Difficulties

• Vulnerability psychological or environmental
  difficulties that make children more at risk for
  developing later personality, behavioral, or
  social problems.
• Resiliency various personality, family, or
  environmental factors that compensate for
  increased life stresses so that expected problems
  do not develop.
• -Factors that contribute to resiliency positive
  temperaments, substitute caregiver, social
  support, care trust from their peers
  caregivers

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Overcoming Childhood Difficulties cont.

• Studies on resilient children show
• Traumatic events do not necessarily lead to later
  social-emotional problems
• Loving, supporting caregiver can substitute for a
  disinterested parent
• Children observe imitate normal social
  behaviors modeled by caregivers
• Ex study of children from Kauai

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Gender Differences

• Gender identity individuals subjective
  experience feelings of being a female or male
• Gender roles traditional or stereotypic
  behaviors, attitudes personality traits that
  parents, peers society expect us to have
  because we are male or female.

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Question

• What was your favorite toy when you were a child?
  What made it the best?

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Gender Differences cont.

• Social role theory emphasizes influence of
  social cognitive processes on how we interpret,
  organize, and use information authority figures
  reward different behaviors in boys than in girls
  learn gender roles
• -possibly arise from different divisions of labor
• Cognitive developmental theory as children
  develop mental skills interact with their
  environments, they learn one set of rules for
  male behaviors another set of rules for female
  behaviors.

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Gender Differences cont.

• Gender schema sets of information rules that
  say how either a male or female should think or
  behave.

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Gender Roles

• New theory
• Evolutionary theory emphasizes
  genetic/biological forces gender differences due
  to evolution

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Social Development

• Gender roles
• still influence career choices
• For males, encourage aggressive behavior
• ? Different brains
• -Womens brains are more effectively wired for
  processing, coding, and remembering emotional
  experiences
• -Women-higher rate of clinical depression than
  men
• -Women process language using both sides of the
  brains men use only left side

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Freuds Psychosexual Stages

SUMMARY OF FREUD'S STAGES OF PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT SUMMARY OF FREUD'S STAGES OF PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT SUMMARY OF FREUD'S STAGES OF PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT SUMMARY OF FREUD'S STAGES OF PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT
STAGE APPROXIMATE AGES EROTIC FOCUS KEY TASKS AND EXPERIENCES
Oral 0-1 Mouth (sucking, biting) Weaning (from breast or bottle)
Anal 1-3 Anus (expelling or retaining feces) Toilet training
Phallic 3-6 Genitals (masturbating) Identifying with adult role models coping with Oedipal crisis/electra complex
latency 6-12 None (sexually repressed) Expanding social contacts
Genital Adulthood Genitals (Adult sexuality) Establishing family Generation of new life
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Additions to Piagets theory

• Stages of cognitive development
• Sensorimotor
• Stranger anxiety
• -formal operational
• Potential for mature reasoning