Title: ??????? Freezing
1??????? Freezing
- ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? 1925 ?
- ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????
?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? - ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???????
- ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????
???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ????
???? ?? ??????? - ????? FDA ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??????
?????? - ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? 2000 ? ???
13,6 ????? ?? ?????? 58,5 ????? ????? - ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ???
????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????
2???????? ???????
- ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????
??????? 10 - ??????? ??????? 15
- ??????? ??????? 20
- ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????
- - ???????? ??????? 13 ???
- - ?????? 10 ???
- - ??????? 3,. ???
- - ???? 9,. ???
- ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????
??????? ????????? - - ????? ?????
- - ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?????
3?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??????? (1)
- ????? ??????? ( ??? ?? ????? ???????? ??????????
???????????) - ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????
???????? ?? ???? ?????? - ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????
???????? ?? ?? ???? ????????? ?????????? - ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? 2-5 ???
?? ?????? ??????? ( ?????? ??????? ???? ???????
?? ????? ??????? ) - - ????? ????? ???????? osmosis ??? ???????
- - ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????
????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ??????
??????
4?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??????? (2)
- ??????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????
??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ( ???????
?????) - - ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ( ??????
???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????
??????? ) - - ??? ????? ?/ ?? ????? ????? ?????????
??????? ?? ??????? ??????? - - ?????? ?? ??????????? ( ? ???????? ) ????
?????? ?????? ????????
5?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??????? (3)
- ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??????
????? ??????? - - ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????
- - ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???
?????? ????? - -- ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???????
- -- ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????
?????? ??????
6????? ?????? ???????? (1)
- ??????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ??? ???? ???????
???? ??? ??????? ???????? - ??????? ?????? ?? ???????
- (?) ?????? ????? ???? ??????
- - ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? (
?????? ?????? ????????) - - ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????????
??? ?????? ???????? - (?) ??????? ??? ??????
- - ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???
????? ?????? ??? ?????? - - ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ( ? ?? ???
???????) - -- ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????
??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????
???????
7????? ?????? ???????? (2)
- (?) ????? ??????
- - ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ????????
??????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? - - ??????? ?? ?????? ?????
- -- ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????
???? ??????? ???? - -- ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ???????
??????? ???????? ?????????? - ????? ????? ( ???????? ???????? ????? )
- - ??? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????
?? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????
???????? ?? ??????? - - ????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?? 18 ??? 24
??? - - ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ????
????? ??????? ?????????? - - ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ????? ????
??????? ???????? ( ????? 5-40 ) - - ????? ?????
- -- ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ???????
- -- ???? ????? ???? ( ???? ??????? ????
?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????)
8????? ?????? ???????? (3)
- (?) ??????? ????????
- - ????? ???????
- - ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ???????
- -- ??????? ??? ??????? ????????? ????????
???? ????? - -- ????? ????? ????? ???????
- - ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ??
??????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? 12 ???
18 ???
9????? ?????? ???????? (4)
- (??) ?????
- - ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ????????
- - ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ????????
(??? ?????) ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ????
????? - - ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????
- -- ??? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ???
???????? - -- ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????
????????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????????? ????
????????
10????? ?????? ???????? (1)
- ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????????
?????? - ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???
?????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???????? - ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ???
????? ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? - ???? ????? 2-10 ??? ??? ?? ??? ??????? 15 ??
??? ?????? - ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??????
- 1. ????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ( ???????
???????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????) - 2. ?????????? ??????? ????? ( ???? ???????? )
- - ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????
??????? ???????? - 3. ??????? ?????? ?????? ( ???? ????? ?????
??????? ?????? ??????? - 4. ???????
11????? ?????? ???????? (2)
- ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??
?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? - ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ???
?????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????????? ??????? - ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????
??????? - ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ???
???????? ????? ?????? - ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? PUFA ???
?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? - - ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?? 6 ??? 9
???? ( -18 ?) - - ??????? ??????? 12-24 ???
- - ?????? ??? ??????? 10-12 ???
- - ?????? ??? ????? 18-24 ???
- ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????
???? n-3 - - docosahexanoic acid ( DHA ) ?
eicosapentanoic acid ( EPA )
12????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????
- ??? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? n-3 PUFA
?????? ??? ??????? ??? -20 ? ???? 6 ? - ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???
?????? - ????? DHA ? EPA ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????
???? 24 ? - ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ??? -12 ?
- ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ( ????
???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????
??????) - ?? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ???????
??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ???????
13???????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????
- ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????
??????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? - ?? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ??????????
???????? ???????? - (?) ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ????????
- - ??? ??? ????? ( ?????? ???????????) ? (
????? ?????? ????? ) - (?) ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? glassy
- - ??????? ??????? ??? -18 ??? -24 ? ?????
??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? - - ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???
??? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? (
???? ???? ??? ?????? ) - - ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ????
????????? ????????? ??? ?? ???? ( ??? ???? ???
???? ????? ?? ??????? ) - - ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????
??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? - - ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ????
???? ???? ??? ?????? ????????
14????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????????? ??
????????
15???? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????
- ( ?) ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????
- - Anti-Freeze Peptides ( AFP )
- - ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??????
????? ???? ??????? ?????? - - ???? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ???
????? ?? ??????? - -- ???? ?????? ?????? ??????
- -- ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??
??????? ??????? ??? ??????? - ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????
- - ???????
- - ??????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???????
??????? ???????