Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future Richard T. Wright

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Environmental Science Toward a Sustainable
Future Richard T. Wright
Chapter 12

• Energy from Fossil Fuels
• PPT by Clark E. Adams

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Energy from Fossil Fuels

• Energy sources and uses
• Exploiting crude oil
• Other fossil fuels
• Fossil fuels and energy security

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The Fossil Fuel Dilemma

• Primary source of energy for transportation
• Supports a drill, spill, and kill legacy
• More sustainable alternatives are available

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Energy Sources and Uses

• Harnessing energy sources an overview
• Electrical power production
• Matching sources to uses

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Harnessing Energy Sources An Overview

• Slaves
• Domestic animals
• Wind and water
• Steam (ships and locomotives)
• Gasoline (internal combustion followed by turbine
  engine)
• Nuclear

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Energy Consumption in the United States

• Sequence of use
• Wood
• Water (steam)
• Coal
• Natural gas
• Oil
• Nuclear power

3, 4, and 5 83.5 of U.S. energy consumption
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Global Primary Energy Supply
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Energy Consumption in the United States
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Electrical Power Production The Beginning
Michael Faraday 1831
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Weekly Electrical Demand Cycle
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Exploiting Crude Oil

• How fossil fuels are formed
• Crude-oil reserves versus production
• Declining U.S. reserves and increasing
  importation
• Problems of growing U.S. dependency on foreign oil

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Crude-Oil Reserves versus Production

• Estimated reserves educated guesses about the
  location and size of oil or natural gas deposits
• Proven reserves how much oil can be economically
  obtained from the oil field
• Production withdrawal of oil or gas from the oil
  field

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How Fossil Fuels Are Formed Part I
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How Fossil Fuels Are Formed Part II
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Oil Production and Consumption in the United
States
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Cost of Oil Imports
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Cost of Oil Imports
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Consumption, Domestic Production, and Imports of
Petroleum Products
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What a Barrel of Persian Gulf Oil Really Costs
U.S. Consumers

• 30 in initial costs
• 63 for military support services
• 93 per barrel of oil
• (January 8, 2014 price per barrel is 93.67)

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Problems from Foreign Oil Dependency

• Variations in cost of purchases
• Threat of supply disruptions
• Limitations of nonrenewable resource

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Impacts of Foreign Oil Dependence

• Trade imbalances
• Military actions
• Pollution of oceans
• Coastal oil spills

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Hubbert Curves of Oil Production
Oil production follows a bell-shaped curve and
will peak around 2010.
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Hubbert Predictions

• U.S. oil production would peak (1970s)
• Dependence on OPEC oil will increase

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Who Has the Oil? Reserves
North America 75.7
South and Central America 89.5
Western Europe 18.9
Former Soviet Countries 58.9
Middle East 673.6
Africa 75.4
Far East and Oceania 43.0
Total 1,033.2
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Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
OPEC

• Algeria
• Indonesia
• Iran
• Iraq
• Kuwait
• Libya

• Nigeria
• Qatar
• Saudi Arabia
• United Emirates
• Venezuela

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Other Fossil Fuels

• Natural gas 50-year supply
• Coal 400-year supply
• Oil shales and oil sands complex extraction
  technologies

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U.S. Coal Deposits
http//www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/coal/reserves/coalres
.pdf
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Carbon (CO2) Emission Per Capita
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Primary and Secondary Effects from Burning Coal
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Fossil Fuels and Energy Security

• Security threats
• Supply-side policies
• Demand-side policies
• Development of non-fossil-fuel energy sources

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Security Threats

• Oil dependence relies too much on OPEC cartel
  and volatile Persian Gulf states
• Energy infrastructure vulnerable to terrorist
  attacks
• Global climate change greenhouse gas emissions

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The Potential of the Conservation Reserve
An oil field that has the potential production of
6 million barrels per day, is three times the
size of the Alaskan oil field, and its
exploitation will NOT adversely effect the
environment.
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The Elements of the Conservation Reserve

• Increasing fuel efficiency in cars (CAFÉ)
• Cogeneration (CHPs)
• Use fluorescent lights
• Increase home insulation

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Combined Heat and Power Cogeneration
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Energy Efficient Lightbulbs
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End of Chapter 12